Jyoto

The summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty in China. Its ruins are located about 36 km northwest across the river from Dolon Nor on the upper right bank of the Luan River in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It is currently called Chaonaimansumehoton (City of One Hundred and Eight Temples) by its Mongolian name. Since ancient times, this region has been an excellent pastureland with an abundance of birds and animals, and the emperors of the Liao and Jin dynasties, whose political centers were based in what is now Beijing, made summer tours here and built villas here. Kublai Khan, who was entrusted with the Chinese region by his elder brother Mongke in the 1250s, used this area as his base and built the first Chinese-style city in 56, which he named Kaiping Prefecture. After his brother's death in 60, he gathered his own faction in Kaiping Prefecture in an attempt to seize power and became emperor. In 64, after winning a civil war against his brother Ariq Buha by force, he renamed it Shangdu, and then built Dadu (the precursor to Beijing) on ​​the outskirts of the former capital of the Jin dynasty, establishing a double capital system. After that, the Yuan royal family spent the winter in Dadu and its surrounding areas during the winter from September to April of the lunar calendar, and during the summer from May to August of the same year, they traveled north to the dry Shangdu area to tour the palace and graze their animals with their army. Shangdu consisted of two nearly square enclosures, an inner and outer enclosure, and an outer garden extending out on both the northwestern sides, measuring approximately 2,200 meters on all four sides, and the outer city, which housed temples, government offices, and residential areas, could accommodate around 100,000 people. The ruins were explored by Bushehl from Britain, Pozdneev, Torii Ryuzo, and Kuwabara Jitsuzo from Russia, and measured by Impey of the United States. After that, the full picture became known to the world with the publication of the research report "Joto" by the Japanese Archaeological Society in 1941.

[Masaaki Sugiyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、元(げん)代の夏の都。内モンゴル自治区灤河(らんが／ロワンホー)の上流右岸ドロンノールより川を隔てて北西約36キロメートルに遺跡が残っている。現在、チャオナイマンスメホトン（百八廟城）とモンゴル名でよばれる。古来この地方は優れた牧草地で鳥獣も多く、現在の北京(ペキン)地区に政権の中心を置いた遼(りょう)・金両朝の皇帝も夏期に巡幸し離宮を構えた。1250年代に兄帝モンケより中国方面を委任されたフビライは、この地を根拠地として56年に初めて中国式城市を営み、開平府と名づけた。60年兄の死後、政権奪取を計って開平府に自派を結集し帝位についた。64年弟アリク・ブハとの内戦に実力で勝利すると上都と改称し、ついで旧金朝の故都の近郊に大都（北京の前身）を造営して両京制をとった。以後、元王室は旧暦9～4月の冬期は大都とその周辺で越冬し、同5～8月の夏期は高燥な上都一帯に北上して宮廷・軍団ごと巡遊・放牧した。上都は正方形に近い内外2郭(かく)と、北西両面に張り出す外苑(がいえん)とからなり、四面2200メートルほどの規模で、寺院・官衙(かんが)・居民区となった外城内には10万人程度の居住が可能であった。遺跡はイギリスのブッシェル、ロシアのポズドネエフ、鳥居龍蔵(とりいりゅうぞう)、桑原隲蔵(じつぞう)が踏査し、アメリカのインペイの実測を経て、日本の東亜考古学会の調査報告『上都』の刊行（1941）で全貌(ぜんぼう)が世界に知られた。

［杉山正明］

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