Conjugated double bond - conjugated double bond

Japanese: 共役二重結合 - きょうやくにじゅうけつごう(英語表記)conjugated double bond
Conjugated double bond - conjugated double bond
When a carbon atom chain has alternating single and double bonds, the double bonds are called conjugated double bonds. The simplest example is a conjugated diene with two double bonds. The double bonds show different physicochemical properties from non-conjugated compounds. The simplest chain conjugated compound is butadiene, and the cyclic compound is benzene. When two bromine atoms are added to butadiene, 1,4 addition mainly occurs, with a small amount of 1,2 addition compounds. In the Diels-Alder reaction, only 1,4 addition occurs. When benzene is reacted with bromine at low temperatures, the reaction is less likely to occur than in non-conjugated compounds. In addition, from measurements of oxidation-reduction reactions, heat of hydrogenation, and heat of combustion, it is known that conjugated double bonds have different properties from non-conjugated double bonds and are more stable than non-conjugated double bonds. In addition, the distance of the central carbon-carbon single bond in butadiene is 1.46 Å, which is shorter than the general average value of 1.54 Å. These facts show that conjugated compounds cannot be satisfactorily represented by the classical Kekulé valence bond formula. The concept of delocalization of π electrons was introduced to explain this property. In other words, in compounds with conjugated double bonds, the π electrons of the double bonds are not present between specific carbon atoms, but are distributed throughout the molecule, perpendicular to the plane containing the carbon-carbon single bonds (σ bonds), and the conjugated system is most stable when the overlap of the π electron clouds is maximum. In the case of benzene, the π electrons are distributed above and below the regular hexagonal plane formed by the σ bonds between carbon atoms. In general, cyclic conjugated systems are more stable than linear bond systems, and the double bond character of each carbon-carbon bond in benzene is about 50%, with a resonance energy of about 151 j·mol -1 , while in butadiene it is 20%, with a resonance energy of several j·mol -1 . As the number of conjugated double bonds increases, the absorption spectrum of the molecule shifts to longer wavelengths. For example, in a study on the crystals of diphenylpolyene, it is colorless when n = 1, pale yellow when n = 2, and orange when n = 5. β-carotene, the main component of the red pigment in carrots, is composed of 10 conjugated double bonds of CH=CH. In infrared absorption spectra, the stretching vibration of carbon-carbon double bonds generally exhibits absorption at wavenumbers of around 1620 to 1680 cm -1 , but the more conjugated double bonds there are, the more the number of absorption bands increases and the more they tend to shift to the lower wavenumber side.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
炭素原子鎖が単結合と二重結合を交互に有するとき,この二重結合を共役二重結合という。最も簡単な例が2個の二重結合をもつ共役ジエン。その二重結合は非共役系化合物と異なった物理化学的性質を示す。いちばん簡単な鎖状共役化合物はブタジエンであり,環状化合物はベンゼンである。ブタジエンに臭素2原子を付加すると,主として1,4付加が起り,少量の1,2付加化合物を生じる。またディールス=アルダー反応の際は1,4付加だけが起る。ベンゼンに低温で臭素を作用させると,非共役系の化合物よりも反応が起りにくい。そのほか酸化還元反応,および水素化熱,燃焼熱の測定から共役二重結合は非共役二重結合と異なった性質をもち,非共役系よりも安定であることが知られている。またブタジエンの中央の炭素-炭素単結合の距離は一般の平均的値 1.54Åに比べて短く 1.46Åである。これらの事実から共役系化合物は古典的ケクレ原子価結合式では満足に表わすことができない。そこでこの性質を説明するのにπ電子の非局在化という考えが導入された。つまり共役二重結合を有する化合物では二重結合のπ電子は特定の炭素原子間に存在するのではなく,分子全体にわたり,炭素-炭素単結合 (σ結合) を含む平面に垂直に分布し,π電子雲の重なりが最大のとき共役系は最も安定となる。ベンゼンの場合も炭素原子間のσ結合から成る正六角形平面の上下にπ電子が分布している。一般に環状共役系のほうが鎖状結合系より安定であり,ベンゼンの各炭素-炭素結合の二重結合性は約 50%,共鳴エネルギーは約 151 j・mol-1 ,ブタジエンでは 20%,共鳴エネルギーは数 j・mol-1 である。共役二重結合の数が増すに従って分子の吸収スペクトルは長波長側に移動する。たとえばジフェニルポリエンの結晶に関する研究では n=1 のとき無色,n=2 のとき微黄色,n=5 のとき橙色である。ニンジンの赤色色素の主成分β-カロテンは CH=CH が 10個の共役二重結合から成る。赤外線吸収スペクトルでは炭素-炭素二重結合の伸縮振動は一般に波数で 1620~1680 cm-1 付近に吸収が出るが,共役二重結合数の多いほど吸収帯の数が増し,かつ低波数側に移動する傾向がある。

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