Listing - Jojo (English spelling)

Japanese: 上場 - じょうじょう(英語表記)listing
Listing - Jojo (English spelling)

To enable the buying and selling of securities on a stock exchange. Specifically, it means that securities issued by entities that meet the listing examination criteria set by each stock exchange are allowed to be traded on that exchange.

For example, when a domestic company wishes to list its shares on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE), it is first checked to see whether it meets a certain level of formal requirements, such as the number of shareholders expected at the time of listing, number of outstanding shares, market capitalization, and total consolidated net assets. Then, a qualitative assessment is made of the soundness and profitability of the company's management, the effectiveness of its corporate governance and internal control system, and the appropriateness of information disclosure. If the company clears these requirements, it becomes a listed company, and the shares it issues are treated as listed issues. Listing screening standards are set up to help protect investors.

When a company goes public, an initial public offering (IPO) is conducted at the same time. Although going public and listing are logically separate concepts, since going public is a prerequisite for listing, the two are generally considered to be one and the same.

Listing on the stock exchange offers various benefits to companies. The stock prices of listed companies are published daily in the market columns of newspapers, and with more opportunities for the company's name to be mentioned in the media, it is expected that its name recognition will increase. As a result, in terms of personnel, it becomes easier to secure talented personnel, and having met the listing screening criteria increases social credibility and gives business partners a sense of security. In terms of relationships with financial institutions, it is also expected to make credit negotiations smoother.

Internally, the internal management system is strengthened during the IPO preparation process, and the management system is continually reviewed even after the IPO, which helps to create a healthy business environment. In addition, it becomes easier to introduce stock options and employee stock ownership plans, which improves the motivation of managers and employees. Founders can earn founder's profits by selling their own shares when the company goes public and is listed.

For investors, this will enable them to buy and sell at fair prices at any time in the secondary market, and will also make it easier to obtain information such as financial data, thereby improving the efficiency of their investment decision-making.

On the other hand, there are also disadvantages to listing. Preparation takes a considerable amount of time, and various costs are incurred, such as examination fees to the stock exchange and underwriting fees to the securities company. Even after listing, maintaining the listing requires audit fees and operating expenses for shareholders' meetings. Listed companies are also required to disclose securities reports and business reports in a timely manner, which requires printing and mailing costs for these documents to shareholders, and they may also be asked to disclose inconvenient facts that they would prefer to keep secret. Furthermore, there is a risk of exposure to hostile takeovers, and there is a tendency for shareholders to increasingly interfere with dividend policies and financial strategies, which can restrict the actions of management.

However, because companies are essentially public entities in society, going public is a goal for many companies. Of course, going public is not the final goal, so it is seen as a milestone on the way to further growth.

[Gen Takahashi December 12, 2017]

[Reference] | Stocks | Bonds | Stock exchange | Delisting | Initial public offering

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

証券取引所で有価証券の売買を可能にすること。具体的には、各証券取引所が定める上場審査基準を満たした主体の発行する証券が、当該取引所での流通を許されることである。

 たとえば、国内企業が東京証券取引所(東証)への株式上場を希望する場合、まずは上場時に見込まれる株主数、流通株式数、時価総額、連結純資産総額などの形式要件について、一定の水準を満たしているかがチェックされる。そのうえで企業経営の健全性や収益性、コーポレートガバナンス(企業統治)や内部管理体制の有効性、情報開示の適正性などの定性的な評価が行われる。これらをクリアすると企業は上場会社となり、発行する株式は上場銘柄として扱われることになる。上場審査基準が設けられているのは、投資家保護に資するためである。

 上場に際しては、新規株式公開(IPO)が同時進行する。株式の公開と上場とは論理的には別の概念であるが、上場に株式公開は必須(ひっす)であるから、一般に両者は一体化してとらえられる。

 上場は企業にさまざまなメリットを与える。上場銘柄の株価は日々新聞の相場欄に掲載されるし、メディアで社名を取り上げられる機会が増えることで、知名度の向上が期待される。その結果、人事面では優秀な人材を確保しやすくなり、上場審査基準をクリアしていることは社会的な信用を高め、取引先には安心感を与える効果がある。金融機関との関係でも、円滑な与信交渉などが見込まれる。

 社内的には、上場への準備過程で内部管理体制の充実が図られ、上場後も経営体制の持続的な見直しが行われるため、健全な業務環境の構築が進む。また、ストックオプションや従業員持株制度などの導入を行いやすくなり、経営者や従業員の仕事に対するモチベーション(動機づけ)が向上する。創業者は、株式の公開・上場に際して自らの持株を売り出すことで、創業者利益を手にすることができる。

 投資家にとっては、流通市場でいつでも公正な価格での売買が可能になるほか、財務データなどの情報入手が容易となり、投資意思決定上の効率性が高まる。

 一方、上場にはデメリットもある。準備に相応の時間を要するし、証券取引所への審査手数料、証券会社への引受手数料などの諸費用が発生する。上場後も、上場維持のために、監査報酬や株主総会の運営費などが必要になる。また、上場会社には、有価証券報告書や事業報告書の適時開示義務が生じ、それら書類の印刷費や株主への郵送費が必要なほか、本来は秘匿したい不都合な事実の公開を求められることもおこりうる。さらに、敵対的買収に晒(さら)されるリスクがあるし、しだいに株主による配当政策や財務戦略などへの干渉が増える傾向にあり、経営者の行動が縛られるケースも認められる。

 ただ、企業にはそもそも社会の公器という側面があるから、上場は多くの企業にとって一つの到達目標となる。もちろん上場が最終目標ではないから、上場は企業にとってさらなる成長のための通過点と位置づけられる。

[高橋 元 2017年12月12日]

[参照項目] | 株式 | 債券 | 証券取引所 | 上場廃止 | 新規株式公開

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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