A bank that issues banknotes. Today, in most countries, the issuance of banknotes is concentrated in the central bank of the country, so the issuing bank is the central bank. However, before the mid-19th century, banks in each country had the right to freely issue banknotes, which they used to raise operating funds. With the enactment of the Peel Banking Act in 1844, the Bank of England gained the monopoly on issuing banknotes, which marked the beginning of today's centralized system of banknote issuance in each country. In Japan, too, each national bank issued banknotes before the Bank of Japan was established in 1882. However, this free banking system often led to excessive issuance and inconvertibility of banknotes, which led to great economic turmoil. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
銀行券の発行を行う銀行。今日では世界のほとんどの国で銀行券の発行はその国の中央銀行に集中されているため,発券銀行はすなわち中央銀行である。しかし 19世紀中頃以前は各国とも銀行が自由に銀行券を発行する権利をもち,これによって運用資金を調達していた。 1844年のピール銀行条例の制定により,イングランド銀行が銀行券発行の独占権をもつようになったが,これを契機に各国は今日の銀行券発行集中制度への道を進むこととなった。日本でも 82年に日本銀行が設立される以前には国立銀行がそれぞれ銀行券を発行していた。しかしこうした自由銀行主義はしばしば銀行券の乱発,不換化を伴い,経済上大きな混乱を招くにいたった。
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