Shoji - Shoji

Japanese: 障子 - しょうじ
Shoji - Shoji

A sliding door with paper pasted on the outside of the latticework used to separate a room from the veranda. In the early Heian period, it referred to an obstacle that blocked movement or line of sight. Specifically, panels fitted between pillars like walls, such as the Kenjo Shoji and Tsuitate used in the Shishinden Hall of the Imperial Palace, the Konmeiichi Shoji in the East Hall of the Seiryoden Hall, and annual event Shoji were all called Shoji.

In the middle of the Heian period, the swinging doors attached to the entrances of the shoji screens set between the pillars were replaced by sliding doors, which then developed into double-sliding doors. The earliest of these sliding doors are called torii-shoji. The shoji screens of this time had a framework of wooden lattices, with layers of paper on both sides, a cloth or paper top-paste, and a lacquered frame around the edges. The cloth-topped ones are called fusuma-shoji, and the paper-topped ones are called karakami-shoji. Fusuma-shoji screens are usually painted, while karakami is used on the back or in informal cases. Karakami was originally a paper brought from China, and was painted or had patterns printed on it using woodblocks, but gradually similar paper began to be made in Japan and came to be used widely. It is unclear why swinging doors were replaced by sliding doors, but it was around this time that the sliding doors or double-sliding shoji screens, unique to Japanese architecture, were born.

In picture scrolls painted in the Kamakura period, sliding doors with large borders are often used to divide rooms inside a house. Akari shoji, which has paper pasted on the outside of a lattice-like frame, was first seen in pictorial historical materials in the inside cover of the Heike Nokyo, created at the end of the Heian period, where it is used as a sliding Akari shoji around the outside of a building. Akari shoji first appeared in written historical materials in the latter half of the Heian period.

In the Middle Ages, Akerushoji were combined with Mairado doors and came to be widely used as exterior fittings, and became a particular feature of medieval homes. Akerushoji from this period usually had a style with no waist, with a rough lattice pattern all over. Akerushoji that convey the style of this era still remain in places such as the Gokurakubo Zen Hall of Gangoji Temple and the Main Hall of Ryugin-an (An) at Tofukuji Temple. Akerushoji from that time had the vertical frame extending all the way to the groove, allowing the doors to slide across a single groove. Various types of Akerushoji were made in the Middle Ages, including low waisted Koshi-shoji, high-waisted Koshi-shoji with a Mairado-style waist that extended to about half the height, and Mushiko-shoji with fine vertical bars.

In the early modern period, when amato shutters with a single lintel and door pocket began to be used, kaeshoji, which use the same lintel and door pocket as amato shutters and open akieshoji, began to be used around the outside of houses. This type of kaeshoji was used on the south and west sides of the large hall in the Ninomaru of Nijo Castle and on the south side of the Kuroshoin, but now only the large door pockets remain and the akieshoji has been remodeled to be set up between the pillars.

The transoms of attached shoins often use a diamond lattice pattern with diagonal bars, but as the Sukiya-style design developed in the Edo period, various changes were made to the arrangement and design of the bars of the light-colored screens. A representative example is Sumiya in Shimabara, Kyoto, where each room has its own variation, with bars made in a fukiyose pattern, bars carved into a wave-like curve, bars all arranged diagonally, and bars with glass in between. Furthermore, from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period, bars with various concrete patterns on them began to appear, and model books were even published. Many typical examples can be seen at Gajoen in Meguro, Tokyo.

Also, the names of various types of shoji, such as fusuma shoji, karakami shoji, and aki shoji, have been simplified to fusuma, karakami, and shoji as the basic terms, and in recent years, shoji has come to mean only aki shoji. At the same time, the use of shoji has decreased as houses have become more Westernized, but on the other hand, sukiya-style designs and folk art designs have become popular in restaurants, dining establishments, guest houses, and other places, and various designs such as nekoma shoji and yukimi shoji have been created.

[Hirai Sei]

Main types of shoji screens
©Katsuya Nishikawa ">

Main types of shoji screens


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

部屋と縁側との境に用いる格子に組んだ桟の外側に紙を貼(は)った引き違いの建具。平安時代の初めには、行動あるいは視線を遮るための障害となるものをさしていた。具体的には、壁のように柱間にはめ込んだパネル、たとえば内裏の紫宸殿(ししんでん)で使われた賢聖(けんじょう)障子、衝立(ついたて)、清涼殿(せいりょうでん)東廂(ひがしびさし)に置かれていた昆明池(こんめいち)障子、あるいは年中行事障子などを障子とよんでいた。

 平安時代の中ごろには、柱間にはめ込まれた障子に設けられた出入口についていた開き戸が引き戸に変わり、さらに引き違いに発展した。この引き戸に変わった初期のものを鳥居障子とよんでいる。このころの障子は、木の桟を格子状に組んだものを骨として、その両面に何層もの紙の下貼りをした上に、布または紙で上貼りをし、周囲に漆塗りの框(かまち)をつけていた。布で上貼りしたものを衾(ふすま)障子、紙で上貼りしたものを唐紙(からかみ)障子とよんでいる。衾障子には絵が描かれるのが普通で、唐紙は裏または略式の場合に使われている。唐紙は本来中国からもたらされた紙のことで、色付や木版で文様を刷り出していたが、しだいに日本でも同じような紙がつくられるようになり、広く使われるようになった。開き戸が引き戸に変わった理由はわからないが、このころ初めて日本建築独特の引き戸あるいは引き違いの建具としての障子が生まれた。

 鎌倉時代に描かれた絵巻物では、縁を大きくとった襖(ふすま)障子が家の中の間仕切りに盛んに使われている。格子に組んだ桟の外側に紙を貼った明(あかり)障子が絵画史料のなかで初めて認められるのは、平安時代末につくられた『平家納経』の見返しで、建物の外回りに引き違いの明障子に使われている。明障子が文献史料にみられるようになるのは、平安時代後半である。

 中世に入ると、明障子は舞良戸(まいらど)と組み合わされて外回りの建具として広く使われるようになり、とくに中世住宅を特徴づけるようになる。このころの明障子は通常、全面に荒く格子を組んだ、腰のない形式である。この時代の形式を伝える明障子は、元興寺極楽房禅堂、東福寺竜吟庵(あん)本堂などに現存する。当時の明障子には、縦框の見込みを溝いっぱいにとって、一筋の溝の中で引き違いにするものがみられる。中世には低い腰のついた腰障子、半分ほどの高さまで舞良戸形式の腰がある腰高障子、縦桟を細かくした虫籠(むしこ)障子など、各種の明障子がつくられた。

 近世の初期に一筋の敷鴨居(かもい)と戸袋のある雨戸が用いられるようになると、雨戸と同様に同じ敷鴨居と戸袋を使って明障子を開けたてする替障子が住宅の外回りに使われるようになった。この形式の替障子は、二条城二の丸の大広間の南・西面、黒書院の南面などに使われていたが、現在は大きな戸袋が残っているだけで、明障子は柱間に立て込む形式に改造されてしまった。

 付書院(つけしょいん)の欄間(らんま)には桟を斜めに組んだ菱(ひし)格子が比較的多く用いられているが、江戸時代には数寄屋(すきや)風の意匠が発展するとともに、明障子の桟の組み方や意匠にさまざまな変化がみられるようになった。その代表例は京都島原の角屋(すみや)で、縦横の桟を吹寄せにしたもの、縦桟を波のように曲線に削り出したもの、縦横の桟をすべて斜めに配したもの、中にガラスをはめたものなど一部屋ごとに変化している。さらに幕末から明治にかけて桟にさまざまな具象的な模様を入れたものが現れ、雛形(ひながた)本も出版された。東京目黒の雅叙苑(がじょえん)には、その典型例が数多くみられる。

 また、襖障子、唐紙障子、明障子など各種の障子の名称は簡略化され、襖、唐紙、障子が基本になって、近年は障子が明障子だけを意味するようになっている。同時に住宅の洋風化に伴って障子が使われることが少なくなっているが、一方では数寄屋風の意匠や民芸調の意匠が料亭、飲食店、迎賓館などでもてはやされ、猫間(ねこま)障子、雪見障子などさまざまな意匠がくふうされている。

[平井 聖]

障子のおもな種類
©西川勝也">

障子のおもな種類


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