Stahl - Georg Ernst Stahl

Japanese: シュタール - しゅたーる(英語表記)Georg Ernst Stahl
Stahl - Georg Ernst Stahl

German physician and chemist. Born in Ansbach as the son of a Protestant pastor. After studying medicine at the University of Jena, he became physician to the Prince of Weimar and professor at the University of Halle (1694), before becoming physician to the Prussian court (1715). He published many works, including "De medicamento vera" (1707) and "Controversy on sulphur" (1718).

In medical theory, he made a clear distinction between living and non-living things, and advocated animism, which states that the former has an immaterial rational "anima" that is its active principle and governs all life activities. Disease arises from errors in this anima or from external interference, and treatment is to support the natural processes of the anima. He rejected medical chemistry and advocated excretory therapy such as bloodletting. This animism was a reaction against the mechanistic trend of the time, but it was a precursor to the rise of vitalism in the second half of the 18th century.

His influence on chemistry was enormous. In this era, when metallurgy and sulfuric acid production were important industries, the ancient theory of the four elements was insufficient. Stahl renamed Becher's color and flammable substance "oily earth" to phlogiston, and said that combustion is the process in which it escapes from combustible materials into the air. When metals, sulfur, and wood burn, they produce phlogiston, metallic ash, fumes (which combine with water to become sulfuric acid), and ash, respectively. Plants absorb phlogiston from the air and become rich in it, and metallic ash obtains it from charcoal to become metals. He said that phlogiston itself does not exist on its own and cannot be directly perceived. He also had weaknesses such as quantitative inconsistency and the old way of thinking that elements are responsible for properties. However, at a time when gases such as oxygen were unknown, his theory of unifying the general oxidation phenomenon through the movement of a substance called phlogiston was supported by chemists and marked an era until it was put to an end by Lavoisier at the end of the 18th century.

[Yoshihito Hijioka]

"The Historical Foundations of Modern Medicine, Vol. 1" by Airo Kawakita (1977, Iwanami Shoten) " "The Quest for Material Theory" by Nagayasu Shimao (Iwanami Shinsho)

[References] | Air | Elements | Phlogiston theory | Becher | Lavoisier

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの医学者、化学者。プロテスタントの牧師の子としてアンスバハに生まれる。イエナ大学で医学を修めたのち、ワイマール侯侍医、ハレ大学教授(1694)を経て、プロイセン宮廷医(1715)となる。『真正医学論』(1707)や『硫黄(いおう)についての論争』(1718)など多数の著作を発表した。

 医学理論において、生物と無生物とを峻別(しゅんべつ)し、前者にはその活性原理である非物質の理性的「アニマ」が存在し、生命諸活動を統轄するというアニミズムを唱えた。疾病はこのアニマの誤謬(ごびゅう)や外部からの阻害から生じ、治療はアニマによる自然的過程を援助することにあり、医化学を否定して瀉血(しゃけつ)などの排出療法を旨とした。このアニミズムは当時の機械論的趨勢(すうせい)に対する反動であったが、18世紀後半の生気論の台頭の先鞭(せんべん)となった。

 化学における彼の影響は著大であった。冶金(やきん)や硫酸製造が重要産業であったこの時代には古代以来の四元素説は不十分なものとなっていた。シュタールはベッヒャーの色や可燃性の原質「油性の土」をフロギストン(燃素)と改名し、燃焼とは可燃物中のそれが空気中に逸出する過程であるとした。金属や硫黄、木は燃焼するとそれぞれフロギストンおよび金属灰、煙霧(水と結合して硫酸になる)、灰を生成する。植物は空気中のフロギストンを吸収してそれに富み、金属灰は木炭からそれを得て金属となる。フロギストン自体は単独では存在せず、直接の知覚はできないとした。また、定量的不整合、性質を担う元素という古い思考様式などの弱点をもっていた。しかし、酸素などの気体の知られていなかった当時、酸化現象一般をフロギストンという物質の移動によって統一的に理解した理論は化学者の支持を受け、18世紀末にラボアジエによってとどめを刺されるまで一時代を画した。

[肱岡義人]

『川喜田愛郎著『近代医学の史的基盤 上』(1977・岩波書店)』『島尾永康著『物質理論の探求』(岩波新書)』

[参照項目] | 空気 | 元素 | フロギストン説 | ベッヒャー | ラボアジエ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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