A deuteron is a nucleus formed by the binding of one proton and one neutron. It is also called a deuteron, and is also called a heavy hydrogen nucleus because it forms the nucleus of the heavy hydrogen atom D. The binding energy is about 2 million electron volts (about 0.1% of the mass of a deuteron when converted into a mass defect). This is very small compared to the binding energy of an average atomic nucleus, indicating that the protons and neutrons in a deuteron are very weakly bound. Since a nucleus with only two protons or only two neutrons does not exist stably, the only atomic nucleus with a mass number (the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons) of 2 is the deuteron, which is the atomic nucleus with the smallest mass. This indicates that the force acting between protons and neutrons is stronger than the force acting between nucleons of the same kind. In a deuteron, the spins of the protons and neutrons are parallel and in the same direction, and the overall shape is almost spherical, but slightly deformed into an elliptical shape. This is because the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum shows greater branching than that obtained from hydrogen, since the deuterium nucleus was found to have an electric quadrupole moment. Nuclear reactions, in which small atomic nuclei fuse together to release energy, play a major role in generating energy for stars. Unfortunately, they are also used in hydrogen bombs, but they generate an order of magnitude more energy than chemical reactions. Among these, nuclear fusion reactions between deuterium atoms and between deuterium and triton, helium, lithium, etc., are particularly important. Heavy water D 2 O, which contains deuterons, is found in natural water H 2 O at about 0.015%, and is readily available on Earth, making it a promising energy source for nuclear fusion reactors. [Koji Bando and Toshio Motoba] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
陽子1個と中性子1個とが結合してできた原子核の呼称で、ジュウテロン(デューテロン)ともいい、重水素原子Dの核をなすので重水素核ともいう。結合エネルギーは約200万電子ボルト(質量欠損に直すと重陽子質量の約0.1%)である。これは平均的な原子核の結合エネルギーに比べて非常に小さく、重陽子では陽子と中性子が大変弱く結合していることを示している。陽子2個だけあるいは中性子2個だけの原子核は安定に存在しないので、質量数(陽子の数と中性子の数の和)が2である原子核は重陽子だけであり、最小の質量の原子核である。このことは、同種核子間に働く力よりも陽子と中性子の間に働く力のほうが強いことを示している。重陽子では、陽子と中性子のスピンは同じ向きで平行になっており、また、全体の形はほとんど球形だが、わずかに楕円(だえん)形に変形している。これは核磁気共鳴のスペクトルは水素から得られるものより大きな分岐を示す理由として、重水素核が電気四重極モーメントをもつことがわかったからである。 小さな原子核どうしが核融合をおこしてエネルギーを解放する核反応は、恒星のエネルギー生成の主役である。また不幸にも水爆にも使われているが、化学反応に比べて桁(けた)違いに大きなエネルギーである。なかでも重水素どうしや重水素とトリトン、ヘリウム、リチウムなどとの核融合反応は重要である。重陽子を含んだ重水D2Oは天然の水H2O中に約0.015%含まれており、地球上で十分得られるわけで、核融合炉のエネルギー源として注目されている。 [坂東弘治・元場俊雄] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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