Heavy oil - Jyuyu (English spelling) fuel oil

Japanese: 重油 - じゅうゆ(英語表記)fuel oil
Heavy oil - Jyuyu (English spelling) fuel oil

A type of fuel oil, it is called heavy oil because it has a higher specific gravity than diesel. Heavy oil is a viscous, brown or dark brown oil with a specific gravity of 0.82 to 0.97. Heavy oil is the residual oil obtained by removing light oils such as naphtha, kerosene, and diesel from crude oil through atmospheric distillation, the residual oil obtained by removing vacuum diesel from this residual oil through vacuum distillation, residual oil produced as a by-product in other petroleum refining processes, or a mixture of these residual oils and diesel. Depending on the properties of the crude oil, 30 to 50 volume percent of crude oil is commercialized as heavy oil. The calorific value of heavy oil is 10,240 to 11,100 kilocalories per liter, more than 1.5 times that of coal.

Heavy oil is broadly classified into A, B, and C heavy oils based on its viscosity, and is further classified into six different standards by JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) based on factors such as viscosity, sulfur content, and pour point.

[Namba Seitaro]

Viscosity of heavy oil

Viscosity affects the transportation of heavy oil and atomization during combustion. Oils with a high pour point are difficult to handle. Sulfur content is related to air pollution, and also affects the quality of products in the fields of flue corrosion, ceramics, copper refining, and other areas where combustion gases come into direct contact with the product. Currently, heavy oil is being reduced in sulfur through hydrodesulfurization, particularly to prevent air pollution.

[Namba Seitaro]

Production volume

In 2006, Japan produced approximately 60 million kiloliters of heavy oil, of which 43% was A heavy oil, B heavy oil was produced in small quantities, and B and C heavy oils accounted for 57%. The proportion of C heavy oil is declining every year due to demand, but a large amount of desulfurized light oil is required to produce high-quality heavy oil, and there are limitations due to economic and petroleum product balance issues.

Heavy oil is less likely to evaporate than kerosene or diesel, so it is burned by spraying it from a burner into a mist and mixing it well with air. To ensure smooth combustion, additives such as combustion improvers, pour point depressants, and sludge dispersants are often added to the heavy oil beforehand.

[Namba Seitaro]

Applications

The main uses of heavy oil A are for ceramics, metal refining, and small diesel engines, while heavy oil B is for large diesel engines, and heavy oil C is for large boilers, large diesel engines, and steel. Heavy oil has a higher calorific value than coal, and being a liquid fuel, it is easy to regulate and handle, so it has replaced coal as a fuel and demand has increased dramatically. However, with the rise in oil prices after the first oil crisis in 1973, demand for heavy oil has been on a downward trend, and with the shift to liquefied natural gas as a fuel and the resurgence of coal, demand for heavy oil in particular has decreased.

[Namba Seitaro]

[Reference] | Hydrodesulfurization | Petroleum
Classification of heavy oil
©Shogakukan ">

Classification of heavy oil


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

燃料油の一種で、軽油より比重が大きいことから重油とよばれるようになった。重油は比重0.82~0.97の、褐色または黒褐色の粘稠(ねんちゅう)な油である。重油は、原油から常圧蒸留によりナフサ・灯油・軽油などの軽質油を除いた残油、この残油から減圧蒸留により減圧軽油を除いた残油、ほかの石油精製プロセスで副生する残油、またはこれらの残油に軽油を混合したものである。原油の性状にもよるが、原油の30~50容量%は重油として製品化されている。発熱量は重油1リットル当り1万0240~1万1100キロカロリーであり、石炭の1.5倍以上である。

 重油は粘度によりA重油、B重油、C重油に大別され、さらにJIS(ジス)(日本工業規格)により粘度、硫黄(いおう)分、流動点などの異なった6種類の規格に分類されている。

[難波征太郎]

重油の粘度

粘度は重油の移送や燃焼の際の噴霧化に影響を及ぼす。流動点の高いものは取扱いが不便である。硫黄分は大気汚染と関係するほか、煙道の腐食、窯業あるいは銅精錬など燃焼ガスが直接製品に触れる場合の製品の品質に影響を及ぼす。現在では、とくに大気汚染防止のため水素化脱硫により重油の低硫黄化が行われている。

[難波征太郎]

生産量

2006年(平成18)に日本で生産された重油は約6000万キロリットルであり、そのうちA重油は43%、B重油は生産が少なく、B・C重油で57%である。需要との関係からC重油の割合は毎年低下しているが、高品位の重油を製造するためには大量の脱硫した軽油が必要であり、経済的あるいは石油製品のバランス上の問題があるため限界がある。

 重油は灯油や軽油に比べて蒸発しにくいため、燃焼はバーナーから噴霧させて霧状とし、空気とよく混合して行う。燃焼を円滑に行わせるために、助燃剤、流動点降下剤、スラッジ分散剤などの添加剤をあらかじめ重油に加えておく場合が多い。

[難波征太郎]

用途

A重油のおもな用途は窯業用、金属精錬用、小型ディーゼルエンジン用などであり、B重油は大型ディーゼルエンジン用などであり、C重油は大型ボイラー用、大型ディーゼルエンジン用、鉄鋼用などである。重油は石炭に比べて発熱量が多く、流体燃料であるために、調節、取扱いが容易であることから、燃料としての石炭にとってかわり需要は飛躍的に増大した。しかし、1973年(昭和48)の第一次石油危機後の石油価格の高騰に伴い、重油の需要は減少傾向にあり、液化天然ガスへの燃料転換、石炭の復活などで、とくにC重油の需要が減っている。

[難波征太郎]

[参照項目] | 水素化脱硫 | 石油
重油の分類
©Shogakukan">

重油の分類


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