A ticket for trains, buses, ships, etc., with rules such as fare discounts and no restrictions on routes or number of trips (any number of trips) set primarily for the convenience and attraction of passengers. In the narrow sense, it refers to the "excursion tickets" sold by the Japanese National Railways (JNR) and JR from 1955 (Showa 30) to 1998 (Heisei 10). [Shuichi Takashima June 23, 2020] Pre-World War II travel passesEven before the Second World War, travel passes in a broad sense were sold, and were broadly divided into those that included overseas transportation and those that were limited to mainland Japan. The first tickets to include overseas transportation were the "Round the World Ticket" and "Round the Eastern Hemisphere Ticket," which went on sale in 1913 (Taisho 2). Both used the South Manchuria Railway (Mantetsu) and the Trans-Siberian Railway, with the former circumnavigating the world via the Atlantic route, Canadian railway, and Pacific route, while the latter was a round-trip ticket between Japan and Europe, with one way travel via the Indian Ocean and Suez. These were abolished in 1920, but were revived in 1931 (Showa 6). When revived, the route included transcontinental railroads in addition to Canadian railways. In 1915, the "Japan-China Round Trip Ticket" went on sale. This was based on an agreement concluded between the railway authorities of Japan and China, and was released to attract tourists to both countries. For those departing from Japan, the route was set up so that passengers first crossed over to the Korean Peninsula, then took the Korean Railway, South Manchuria Railway, and China National Railway to Beijing, and then chose one of several routes to finally travel to Shanghai and return to Japan (or the reverse) (Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, morning edition of July 17, 1915). Furthermore, in 1930, it was decided to sell the "Oriental Tourist Ticket" for travelling around Asian countries. It was designed for travel across Japan, Manchukuo (now the northeastern region of China), or China, and Southeast Asia, India, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), but there are many unknowns about the actual situation regarding its sales. The origin of the domestic round trip ticket can be considered to be the discount ticket issued by the national railway and private railway companies from the end of the Meiji era for visiting shrines and temples and for summer outings, but it was still a special case. In contrast, the "round trip ticket" (sightseeing ticket) that the Ministry of Railways began selling in 1925 was based on a more organized system and can be considered the predecessor of the round trip ticket that was introduced after World War II. The Tokyo Railway Bureau was the first in the country to sell round trip tickets to the Boso Peninsula, Izu, Hakone, Miura Peninsula, and other areas, and also planned to film promotional films in the area and screen them in movie theaters in Tokyo (Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, morning edition, April 23, 1925). The following year, in 1926, in cooperation with Nippon Yusen, a ticket was also released for a tour of Nagasaki and Unzen using the Seto Inland Sea route between Kobe and Nagasaki (Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, morning edition, February 10, 1926). From 1933, "excursion tickets" were also sold, allowing unlimited boarding and disembarking within a certain area, and in 1939 this was renamed "tourist tickets." In 1940, a "sacred site pilgrimage ticket" to Ise Shrine and Kashihara Shrine was released to commemorate the "2600th year of the founding of Japan," and was a huge hit, with a record of 690,000 people using it that year alone (Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, morning edition, February 20, 1941). Thus, wartime tourism temporarily increased during the Sino-Japanese War, but as restrictions on railway use were tightened, the tourist ticket was abolished in 1942. [Shuichi Takashima June 23, 2020] Tour tickets after World War IIIn 1955, the Japanese National Railways established a system of discounted round-trip tickets (round-trip tickets) in anticipation of increased revenues from attracting tourists. The outline of the system was that 117 "designated discount areas" (designated tourist areas) were established nationwide, and if a person traveled between two or more of these areas and used 101 kilometers or more (later 201 kilometers or more) of Japanese National Railway lines (including ferries and buses), the fare for the Japanese National Railways and company lines (private railways, private buses, ferries, etc.) was basically 10% off, and initially, 10% of the total fare was required to be spent on company lines (this was later abolished). While stations across the country could be set as departure and arrival points, due to the time and effort required for fare calculation and ticket issuing, sales were outsourced to the Japan Travel Bureau Corporation as a rule, and passengers were encouraged to make arrangements in advance, about one week before the start of their trip (Doi Atsushi, "Tourism and Round-Trip Discounts," in the November 1954 issue of "JNR Lines"; Doi Atsushi, "A Brief Sketch of the JNR Lines: Revision of the Round-Trip Ticket System," in the September 1964 issue of "JNR Lines"). The following year, in 1956, a seasonal "flat-rate round-trip discount ticket" was released for Hokkaido. This ticket did not specify the route or number of rides within the free-travel area (Hokkaido) during the valid period (any number of rides), and was explained as a response to the desire to change the itinerary during long-term trips. Ticket issuing was simplified by limiting departure and arrival points to Tokyo or Osaka City and setting a flat-rate fare. The number of departure and arrival points was later increased (Kokutetsusen, August 1956 issue: Hirabayashi Kizozo, "Establishment of the Hokkaido Round-Trip Ticket"). Due to the sales success of this ticket, the target areas were gradually expanded to Kyushu, Shikoku, Tohoku, Southern Kinki, etc., and the sale period was also made year-round (Kokutetsusen, June 1958 issue: Hirabayashi Kizozo, "Advancement of the Round-Trip Ticket," June 1959 issue: Hirabayashi Kizozo, "Variety of the Round-Trip Ticket"). The excursion tickets became popular with the rise in tourism during the period of high economic growth, and the Japanese National Railways expanded the system. The original ordinary excursion ticket saw the addition of more discounted areas and an increase in the discount rate on Japanese National Railways lines (20% off), while the flat-rate excursion ticket allowed round-trip and express unreserved seats within the area (and later limited express unreserved seats) at no extra charge, making the excursion ticket a popular product on a par with group tours. In 1959, the "Kotobuki excursion ticket" for honeymooners was added, and in 1965 the "3D excursion ticket" which allowed one-way air travel to Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku was added. However, the system for the regular round trip ticket was complicated, and issuing the ticket took time and effort, and the flat-rate round trip ticket was not suitable for short trips. In this situation, the "mini round trip ticket" (special flat-rate round trip ticket) was released in 1970, and the free travel area was set narrower than the previous flat-rate round trip ticket ("Round-table discussion: Talking with an agent" in the July 1971 issue of "JNR Line"). In addition, in order to simplify the ticket issuing and ticket gate procedures for the regular round trip ticket, efforts were made to present model routes in newspapers and magazines, and in 1972, the "route round trip ticket" that standardized these routes was also released ("JNR Line" November 1972 issue: "Route round trip ticket" by Kimura Chikara). In 1974, the name of the flat-rate round trip ticket was changed to "wide round trip ticket" ("JNR Line" November 1974 issue: "Wide round trip ticket"). At that time, the "3D Tour Ticket" was renamed the "3D Wide Tour Ticket," and in 1984 it was renamed the "New Wide Tour Ticket." At the same time, the condition that passengers must use the national railway line for at least one way to and from the free tour area was abolished, and passengers were free to choose their own mode of transport for both the outbound and return journeys. This was a measure in response to the spread of air travel, but it also ran counter to the movement to simplify the system ("Regarding the Revision of the Tour Ticket System" by Sakai Takamatsu, in the May 1984 issue of "National Railways Line"). [Shuichi Takashima June 23, 2020] The introduction and abolition of the "Excursion Ticket"Even after the JNR was divided and privatized in 1987 and JR was launched, the excursion ticket system from the JNR era continued for a while. However, in 1998, JR companies abolished this system and started selling new "excursion tickets." "Zone tickets" were established for 67 free travel zones nationwide, and "going tickets" and "return tickets" with discounted regular fares were used for round trips between departure and arrival points and the zone. The conditions were that the three types of tickets had to be issued at the same time, and that the "going ticket" and "return ticket" each had to be 201 kilometers or more one way. If the zone was Hokkaido, Kyushu, or Shikoku, air travel was only permitted for one-way travel, but in that case tickets could be issued by simply showing a purchased ticket, and ticket issuing procedures were simplified by not allowing tickets to be issued for lines of companies other than JR, except for some third-sector companies. The 'Sightseeing Ticket' was a kind of consolidation of various excursion tickets that had been in place up until that point, but since the previous system of discount excursion tickets was abolished, it was classified as a special promotional ticket (established in 1970) (Asahi Shimbun, morning edition, February 11, 1998). However, the JR companies started to sell their own discount tickets (special promotional tickets) targeted at specific customers, sale periods, or regions, and while their popularity increased, sales of the "Survey Ticket" slumped. In 2002, the system was revised and many of the "zones" were eliminated (Asahi Shimbun, Osaka edition, September 26, 2002 morning edition), and in 2013 the "Survey Ticket" itself was abolished. In the 21st century, as ticket sales via the Internet became widespread, the very nature of railway fare discounts changed, with discounts being given according to the date and time of purchase and the number of remaining seats. In addition, while express buses and low-cost carrier flights, which are cheaper than trains, have become widespread, luxury tourist trains (such as cruise trains) that can only be boarded by purchasing tour products that are more expensive than the regular fare have also become popular, and the ways of attracting tourists are becoming more diverse. [Shuichi Takashima June 23, 2020] Passes for foreigners and discounted tickets abroadIn 1981, the Japanese National Railways began selling the Japan Rail Pass to foreign tourists visiting Japan (JNR, June 1981 issue: Yoshida Osamu, "Japan Rail Pass Newly Released"). This was inspired by the Eurail Pass in Europe, the BritRail Pass in the UK, and the USARail Pass in the US, which were all-you-can-ride passes for foreign tourists, and has continued to be sold even after the launch of JR. In European countries, free passes similar to Japan's round-trip tickets and travel products that combine train tickets and hotel accommodation vouchers are widely available. What differs from Japan is the existence of discount coupons for families. There are various examples, but families of four or more people can often enjoy significant discounts. [Shuichi Takashima June 23, 2020] "History of International Transportation by the National Railways" (1937), edited and published by the Ministry of Railways' Transportation Bureau ; "Encyclopedia of National Railway Tickets: 115 Years of Tickets, Fares, and Passenger Services" by Kondo Kiyotaro and Ikeda Kazumasa (2004, JTB Publishing) [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
鉄道・バス・船舶などの乗車船券で、主として利用客の便宜や誘致のために、運賃割引や乗車船の経路・回数を定めないこと(乗りほうだい)とするなどのルールを設定したもの。狭義には、日本国有鉄道(国鉄)およびJRが1955年(昭和30)から1998年(平成10)まで発売した「周遊券」をさす。 [高嶋修一 2020年6月23日] 第二次世界大戦前の周遊券第二次世界大戦以前においても広義の周遊券は販売されており、海外の交通機関を含むものと、日本の内地に限定されるものとに大別された。 海外の交通機関を含むものとしては、1913年(大正2)に発売を開始した「世界周遊券」と「東半球一周周遊券」がその嚆矢(こうし)である。いずれも南満州鉄道(満鉄)とシベリア鉄道を利用し、前者は大西洋航路、カナダ鉄道、太平洋航路により世界を一周するもので、後者は片道をインド洋・スエズ経由の航路により日本とヨーロッパを往復するものであった。これらは1920年にいったん廃止されたが、1931年(昭和6)に復活した。復活時にはカナダ鉄道に加えてアメリカ大陸横断鉄道も経路となった。 1915年には「日支周遊券」が発売された。これは日本と中国の鉄道当局間で締結された協約に基づき、相互の観光客誘致のために発売されたもので、日本発の場合は、まず朝鮮半島に渡り、朝鮮鉄道・満鉄・中国国鉄を乗り継いで北京(ペキン)に出たのち、複数のルートから一つを選択して最終的には上海(シャンハイ)へ移動して日本に戻る(あるいはその逆回り)というルートが設定された(『東京朝日新聞』1915年7月17日朝刊)。 また、1930年にはアジア諸国を周遊するための「東洋観光券」の発売も決定された。日本、満州国(現、中国東北地方)、中国のいずれかと、東南アジアおよびインド、セイロン(現、スリランカ)とにまたがって旅行するために企画されたが、販売の実態については不明な点が多い。 国内における周遊券の発祥は、明治末期より国鉄・私鉄各社が発売した社寺参詣(さんけい)や夏季行楽用の割引乗車券と考えてよいが、あくまで特殊な事例であった。これに対し、鉄道省が1925年に発売を開始した「周遊切符」(遊覧券)は、より整えられた制度に基づくものであり、第二次世界大戦後の周遊券の前身とみなしてよい。東京鉄道局では全国に先駆けて房総(ぼうそう)半島や伊豆・箱根・三浦半島などへの周遊切符を発売し、あわせて現地で広報用の映画を撮影し東京市内の映画館で上映を計画したという(『東京朝日新聞』1925年4月23日朝刊)。翌1926年には日本郵船と協同で神戸―長崎間の瀬戸内海航路を利用して長崎・雲仙(うんぜん)を巡る切符も発売された(『東京朝日新聞』1926年2月10日朝刊)。1933年からは一定の地域内で乗降自由な「遊覧券」も発売され、1939年には「観光券」と改称された。1940年に「紀元2600年」を記念して発売された伊勢(いせ)神宮・橿原(かしはら)神宮への「聖地参拝周遊券」は大好評で、同年だけで69万人が利用したと記録されている(『東京朝日新聞』1941年2月20日朝刊)。このように日中戦争期においては戦時ツーリズムが一時的に高まったが、鉄道利用の制限が強化されるなかで1942年に観光券は廃止された。 [高嶋修一 2020年6月23日] 第二次世界大戦後の周遊券1955年、国鉄は観光客誘致による増収を見込んで周遊割引乗車券(周遊券)制度を新設した。その概要は、全国117か所に「指定割引地」(指定周遊地)を設定したうえで、それらのうち2か所以上を回遊し、かつ国鉄線(航路・バスを含む)を101キロメートル以上(のちに201キロメートル以上)利用する場合に、国鉄および社線(私鉄や民営のバス、航路等)の運賃を1割引とすることが基本で、当初はさらに運賃合計額のうち1割は社線利用を必須(ひっす)としていた(のちに撤廃)。全国の駅を発着地に設定することができた一方で、運賃計算や発券作業に手間と時間を要することから日本交通公社での委託発売が原則とされ、利用客に対しても旅行開始前1週間程度の事前手配が推奨された(『国鉄線』1954年11月号所収:土井厚「観光と周遊割引」、1964年9月号所収:同「国鉄線寸描 周遊券制度の改正」)。 翌1956年、北海道を対象として季節限定の「均一周遊割引券」が発売された。これは自由周遊区間(北海道)内において有効期間内の乗車経路および回数を定めないこと(乗りほうだい)としたもので、長期旅行において旅程を途中で変更したいとの要望にこたえるものと説明された。発着地を東京都区内または大阪市内に限定したうえで均一運賃を設定したことから、発券業務も簡素化された。なお、のちに発着地は増加されている(『国鉄線』1956年8月号所収:平林喜三造「北海道周遊券の設定」)。これが営業面で成功したことにより、九州、四国、東北、南近畿など次々に対象地域が拡大され、また発売期間も通年となった(『国鉄線』1958年6月号所収:平林喜三造「周遊券の前進」、1959年6月号所収:同「周遊券を多彩に」)。 周遊券は高度経済成長下におけるツーリズムの高まりと相まって好評となり、国鉄も制度を拡充した。元祖といえる普通周遊券は割引指定地の増設や国鉄線の割引率の向上(2割引)などを行ったほか、均一周遊券は往復およびエリア内の急行自由席(のちに特急自由席も)の利用を追加料金なしで認めるなどの措置によって、周遊券は団体旅行と並ぶ有力な商品となった。1959年には新婚旅行客用の「ことぶき周遊券」が、1965年には北海道・九州・四国を対象として片道の航空機利用を認める「立体周遊券」がそれぞれ追加された。 しかし、普通周遊券は制度が複雑で、発券に手間と時間を要するうえ、均一周遊券は短期の旅行に不向きであった。こうしたなかで1970年に発売されたのが「ミニ周遊券」(特殊用均一周遊乗車券)であり、従前の均一周遊券よりも自由周遊区間を狭く設定した(『国鉄線』1971年7月号所収:「座談会 エージェントと語る」)。また、普通周遊券においては発券業務や改札業務の簡素化をねらって新聞や雑誌等でモデルコースの提示に努め、1972年からはそれらを定型化した「ルート周遊券」も発売された(『国鉄線』1972年11月号所収:木村力「ルート周遊券」)。1974年には均一周遊券の名称が「ワイド周遊券」と改められた(『国鉄線』1974年11月号所収:「ワイド周遊券」)。 このとき「立体周遊券」は「立体ワイド周遊券」と改称され、さらに1984年に「ニューワイド周遊券」と改められた。同時に、自由周遊地までの往復において少なくとも片道は国鉄線を利用するという条件が撤廃され、往復とも交通機関の選択を利用客に任せることとなった。航空便の普及を受けた措置であったが、制度の単純化を目ざしてきた動きに逆行する面もあった(『国鉄線』1984年5月号所収:酒井高松「周遊券制度の改正について」)。 [高嶋修一 2020年6月23日] 「周遊きっぷ」の登場と廃止1987年に国鉄が分割・民営化されJRが発足したのちも、しばらくの間は国鉄時代の周遊券制度が存続した。しかし1998年にJR各社はこれを廃止し、新たに「周遊きっぷ」を発売した。全国67の自由周遊区間に有効な「ゾーン券」を設定し、発着地とゾーンまでの往復には普通運賃を割引した「ゆき券」「かえり券」が用いられた。3種を同時に発券することと、「ゆき券」「かえり券」それぞれが片道201キロメートル以上であることが条件であった。ゾーンが北海道・九州・四国の場合は片道のみ航空便の利用を認めたが、その場合は購入済み航空券の提示のみで発券可能としたほか、JR以外の会社線は一部の第三セクターを除き認めないこととするなど、発券業務の簡素化が図られた。「周遊きっぷ」はそれまでの各種周遊券を統合したような性質のものであったが、それまでの周遊割引乗車券制度が廃止されたため、制度上は特別企画乗車券(1970年に制度化)に分類された(『朝日新聞』1998年2月11日朝刊)。 しかし、JR各社においては顧客や発売時期、あるいは地域をより限定した各種の割引乗車券(特別企画乗車券)を独自に発売する傾向が強まり、それらの人気が上昇するのと入れ替わりに「周遊きっぷ」の売上は低迷した。2002年(平成14)には制度の見直しで多くの「ゾーン」が解消され(『朝日新聞』大阪版2002年9月26日朝刊)、2013年には「周遊きっぷ」そのものが廃止された。 21世紀に入り、インターネットによる乗車券販売が普及すると、購入日時や残座席数に応じた値引きがなされるようになるなど鉄道運賃割引のあり方そのものが変化した。また、鉄道よりも安価な高速バスやLCC(格安航空会社)の航空便が普及する一方で、通常の運賃よりも割高なツアー商品の購入を通じてのみ乗車可能な豪華観光列車(クルーズトレインなど)も人気を博すなど、観光旅客誘致のあり方は多様化している。 [高嶋修一 2020年6月23日] 外国人向けパスおよび外国における割引乗車券1981年、国鉄は訪日外国人観光客向けに「ジャパン・レール・パス」の発売を開始した(『国鉄線』1981年6月号所収:吉田修「ジャパン・レール・パス新発売」)。これはヨーロッパにおける「ユーレイルパス」、イギリスの「ブリットレイルパス」、アメリカの「USAレイルパス」などといった外国人観光客向けの乗りほうだいパスに触発されたもので、JR発足後も継続して発売されている。 ヨーロッパ諸国などにおいては、日本の周遊券に類似したフリーパスや、乗車券とホテル宿泊券がセットになった旅行商品などが盛んに発売されている。日本と異なるのは家族向け割引券の存在である。さまざまな事例があるが、4人以上の家族であれば大幅な割引を享受できることが多い。 [高嶋修一 2020年6月23日] 『鉄道省運輸局編・刊『国有鉄道国際連絡運輸史』(1937)』▽『近藤喜代太郎・池田和政著『国鉄乗車券類大事典 115年の乗車券・運賃料金・旅客サービス』(2004・JTBパブリッシング)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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