The heat energy that enters and leaves when a solute dissolves in a solvent, specifically the amount of heat required to dissolve 1 mole of solute, is called the molar heat of solution. This value varies depending on the amount of solvent, so the amount of heat required to dissolve 1 mole of solute in a sufficiently large amount of solvent is defined as the "specific heat of solution." Sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride generate heat when they dissolve, and have a positive heat of solution, but ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate have a negative heat of solution in water. In other words, heat absorption occurs when they dissolve. The heat of solution is the difference between the lattice energy of the crystal and the stabilization energy due to solvation of the solute. Therefore, when the two are almost equal, such as in the case of sodium chloride, the heat of solution is small and the solubility shows almost no temperature dependence. When the heat of solution is large, the temperature dependence of the solubility is also large. [Yamazaki Akira] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
溶質が溶媒に溶けるときに出入りする熱エネルギー、とくに1モルの溶質を溶かすときの熱量をモル溶解熱という。この値は溶媒の量によって異なるから、十分に多量の溶媒に1モルの溶質を溶かしたときの熱量を「比溶解熱」と定義する。水酸化ナトリウムや塩化カルシウムなどは溶解時に発熱し、溶解熱が正であるが、硝酸アンモニウムや硝酸カリウムは水への溶解熱は負である。つまり溶解時に吸熱がおこる。 溶解熱は、結晶の格子エネルギーと、溶質の溶媒和による安定化エネルギーの差である。したがって塩化ナトリウムのように両方がほぼ等しい場合は溶解熱は小さく、溶解度もほとんど温度依存性を示さないことになる。溶解熱が大きいものは、溶解度の温度依存性も大である。 [山崎 昶] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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