Free port - jiyukou (English spelling)

Japanese: 自由港 - じゆうこう(英語表記)free port
Free port - jiyukou (English spelling)

A system in which a country that imposes tariffs on imports and has a protectionist trade policy allows the free entry and exit of imported goods without applying its own customs laws to the entire or part of a trading port, with the aim of developing transit trade and processing trade while maintaining the protectionist policy. In this area, imported goods are loaded, unloaded, stored, sorted, or processed and manufactured, and commercial port services such as shipping, warehousing, and insurance are also developed. The free port system is said to have originated from the free cities of medieval Italy, but today it is divided into three types depending on the designated area and the scope of business: free port cities, free port districts, and free zones. Free port cities are the original free ports, and the entire port city is outside the customs area, and not only the import and export of foreign goods and their processing, but also the residence of citizens is permitted. However, free port cities are rarely seen these days due to the risk of tax evasion and smuggling, and conflicts of interest between citizens inside the port and those outside the port. However, Singapore and Hong Kong still have a similar system. A free port zone is a zone that has a narrower scope than a free port city, but does not have the disadvantages of a free port city. All or part of the open area of ​​a trade port is outside the customs area, and goods can be freely imported, exported, stored, and processed, but residence is not permitted. The purpose is to promote processing trade and transit trade. In the case of a free zone, the scope is even narrower, and processing is not permitted, and only loading and unloading of goods and storage in warehouses are permitted, so to speak, the main purpose is to develop transit trade. In recent years, the more flexible bonded zone system has often been used instead of the free port system to promote transit trade and processing trade. For example, export processing zones have been established in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Masan, Korea, and Penang, Malaysia, with the aim of attracting foreign capital to increase exports, acquire foreign currency, introduce technology, and increase employment opportunities. A similar system has been in place in Japan since 1992 to promote imports: comprehensive bonded zones where imported goods can be displayed and processed without paying customs duties or consumption taxes.

[Kenji Akiyama]

[Reference item] | Bonded system

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

輸入品に関税を賦課して保護貿易政策をとっている国が、保護政策を保持しつつ、中継貿易や加工貿易の発展を図る目的で、貿易港の全域あるいは一部の地域に限って、自国の関税法を適用しないで輸入貨物の自由な出入を認める制度である。この区域では、輸入貨物の積込み、陸揚げ、保管、荷分け、あるいは加工製造が行われ、海運、倉庫、保険などの商港業務の発展も図られている。自由港の制度は、中世のイタリアの自由都市に由来するといわれるが、現在ではその指定地域や業務の範囲によって自由港市、自由港区、自由地区の三つに分けられる。自由港市は本来の自由港であり、港市全体が関税区域外とされ、外国貨物の輸出入およびそれらの加工のみならず市民の居住も認められている。しかし、自由港市は脱税や密貿易の危険、あるいは港内の市民と港外の市民との利害対立などがおこるため、現在ではほとんどみられない。ただシンガポール、香港(ホンコン)がこれに近い形態を残している。自由港区は自由港市の欠点を除き、範囲がより狭くなったものである。貿易港のうちとくに開放地域の全部あるいは一部を関税区域外とし、そこでの貨物の輸出入、保管、加工は自由になされるが、居住は認められていない。加工貿易や中継貿易の促進を目的としている。自由地区の場合はさらに範囲が狭くなり、加工も認められず、貨物の積み卸しと倉庫保管が認められるだけで、いわばおもに中継貿易の発展のみを目的としたものである。なお最近では、中継貿易や加工貿易の振興のためには、この自由港制度にかえて、より弾力的な保税地域制度が利用されることが多い。たとえば、台湾の高雄(たかお/カオシュン)や韓国の馬山(ばさん/マサン)、マレーシアのペナンなどでは、外国資本を誘致して輸出の増大と外貨獲得、技術導入、雇用機会の増大などを目的に、輸出加工区を設けた。わが国でも類似の制度として、輸入を促進するために、1992年以降輸入品を関税や消費税を支払わずに展示、加工できる総合保税地域を設けている。

[秋山憲治]

[参照項目] | 保税制度

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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