Polymerization - JUGO (English spelling)

Japanese: 重合 - じゅうごう(英語表記)polymerization
Polymerization - JUGO (English spelling)

Natural polymeric substances such as cellulose and rubber, as well as all synthetic polymeric substances, are made up of repeated units of small chemical groups (unit compounds). These unit compounds are called monomers, and polymeric substances are made up of a large number of these monomers that combine according to statistical laws. The polymer created in this way is called a polymer, and the number of monomers that make up a polymer is also called the degree of polymerization. Polymerization is the general term for the chemical reactions that create these polymers. The polymerization of two or more types of monomers is called copolymerization, and the decomposition of a polymer into monomers is called depolymerization.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

Addition Polymerization

Addition polymerization is a reaction in which the compositional formula and structure of the monomers appear as repeating units to produce a polymer. It is so named because the reaction proceeds without any molecules detaching from the monomer composition. When the driving force governing the polymerization reaction is a radical (also called a free radical), it is called radical polymerization, and when it is an ion, it is called ionic polymerization. In ionic polymerization, either a cation (positive ion) or an anion (negative ion) is the driving force of the reaction, the former being called cationic polymerization and the latter anionic polymerization. Both are general polymerization reactions that proceed as chain reactions, and are extremely efficient reactions that form tens of thousands of linear high molecular weight substances from low molecular weight monomers without the movement of atoms.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

Cyclopolymerization

Cyclopolymerization is a reaction in which polymerization occurs while forming a ring, and is sometimes called ring-closing polymerization. For example, this reaction can be used to radically polymerize divinyl acetal to create a polymer with a ring structure. When this cyclic polymer is hydrolyzed, it becomes polyvinyl alcohol, which has 100% hydroxyl groups.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

Ring-opening polymerization

Ring-opening polymerization is a reaction in which cyclic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc. in the ring are opened to form linear polymers. Mechanistically, it is mostly an ionic reaction.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

Hydrogen Transfer Polymerization

The formula of the monomer in hydrogen transfer polymerization is the same as the repeating unit of the polymer, but it is a polymerization in which hydrogen atoms are transferred. Intramolecular isomerization due to intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer and chain growth reactions proceed alternately. It appears as a special case of cationic polymerization and anionic polymerization. The reaction that creates polyurethane is also called hydrogen transfer copolymerization, or polyaddition.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

Elimination polymerization

Elimination polymerization is an example of polymerization in which molecules are eliminated from the monomer composition to form a polymer. Dehydrogenation polymerization produces a polymer by heating a monomer, which is relatively susceptible to oxidation, together with an oxidizing agent. Oxygen, peroxide, or copper(I) chloride (cuprous chloride) is used as the oxidizing agent. Examples of denitrogenation polymerization include the polymerization of diazoalkanes and diazonium salts. In both cases, the polymerization proceeds in a radical manner.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

Polycondensation

Polycondensation, also called polycondensation, has a reaction scheme that is slightly different from other polymerizations. In other words, the reaction in which water is eliminated between two molecules to produce an ester is repeated, and the molecular weight increases stepwise slowly. Examples include the production of 6,6-nylon and tetron.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

Addition condensation

Addition condensation is a reaction that formally produces phenolic resin, urea resin, etc. It grows by repeating addition and condensation reactions. The final product grows into a mesh-like structure with a three-dimensional structure.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

"Polymerization Reaction Engineering" by Imoto Tatsuya and Li Xiuyi (1970, Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun)""Lectures on Polymerization Reactions" edited by Saegusa Takeo et al., all 12 volumes (1971-1974, Kagaku Dojin)""Review of Chemistry: Initiation of Polymerization" by Saegusa Takeo (1972, Shibundo)""Polymer Experimental Science, Volume 4, Addition Polymerization and Ring-Opening Polymerization" edited by the Society of Polymer Science (1983, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""Polymer Chemistry" by Inoue Kenzo (1994, Asakura Shoten)""New Polymer Experimental Science 2, Polymer Synthesis and Reactions 1 - Synthesis of Addition Polymers" edited by the Society of Polymer Science (1995, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""Polymer Synthetic Chemistry" by Inoue Shohei (1996, Shokabo)""Basic Chemistry Course: Polymer Chemistry 1, Synthesis" edited by Inoue Haruo et al., Nakajo Yoshiki (1996, Maruzen)""Chemical Industry Handbook, 6th Revised Edition, edited by the Chemical Industry Society (1999, Maruzen)""Radical Polymerization Handbook: From the Basics to New Developments, by Mikio Kamachi and Tsuyoshi Endo (1999, NTS)""Experimental Chemistry Lectures 28: Polymer Synthesis, edited by the Chemical Society of Japan (1999, Maruzen)""Polymer Frontier 21 Series: A Game of Catches Between Polymer Science and Organic Chemistry - Aiming to Develop New Polymerization Reactions and New Structures and Functions, edited by the Society of Polymer Science (2001, NTS)""Polymer Chemistry, by Tsuyoshi Endo and Fumio Mita (2001, Kagaku Dojin)"

[Reference] | Ionic polymerization | Ring opening | Depolymerization | Cyclic compounds | Copolymerization | Synthetic rubber | Polymer compounds | Rubber | Polymer | Polycondensation | Condensation | Cellulose | Monomer | Nylon | Phenol resin | Addition polymerization |Ring closure | Polyvinyl alcohol | Urea resin | Radical polymerization
Basic type of addition polymerization
©Shogakukan ">

Basic type of addition polymerization

Addition polymerization (cyclopolymerization)
©Shogakukan ">

Addition polymerization (cyclopolymerization)

Addition polymerization (ring-opening polymerization)
©Shogakukan ">

Addition polymerization (ring-opening polymerization)

Hydrogen transfer polymerization (cationic hydrogen transfer polymerization)
©Shogakukan ">

Hydrogen transfer polymerization (cationic hydrogen transfer polymerization)

Hydrogen transfer polymerization (anionic hydrogen transfer polymerization)
©Shogakukan ">

Hydrogen transfer polymerization (anionic hydrogen transfer polymerization)

Hydrogen transfer polymerization (hydrogen transfer copolymerization)
©Shogakukan ">

Hydrogen transfer polymerization (hydrogen transfer copolymerization)

Elimination polymerization (decarboxylation polymerization)
©Shogakukan ">

Elimination polymerization (decarboxylation polymerization)

Elimination polymerization (dehydrogenation polymerization)
©Shogakukan ">

Elimination polymerization (dehydrogenation polymerization)

Elimination polymerization (denitrogenation polymerization)
R; H, CH, CH, CH, etc. ©Shogakukan ">

Elimination polymerization (denitrogenation polymerization)

Elimination polymerization (polycondensation)
©Shogakukan ">

Elimination polymerization (polycondensation)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

天然の高分子物質のうちセルロース、ゴムなどや、合成高分子物質のすべては小さい化学的集団の単位(単位化合物)の繰り返しによってできている。この単位化合物を単量体(モノマーmonomer)とよび、この単量体が統計の法則に従って多数個結合して高分子物質をつくっている。このときできあがった高分子を重合体(ポリマーpolymer)といい、また重合体を構成している単量体の数を重合度ともよんでいる。重合とは、この重合体をつくりあげる化学反応を総称している。なお、2種類以上の単量体が重合することを共重合といい、重合体が単量体に分解することを解重合という。

[垣内 弘]

付加重合

付加重合とは、単量体の組成式と構造が繰り返し単位としてそのまま現れて重合体を生成する反応。単量体組成から分子が脱離せずに反応が進行するのでこのようによばれる。このとき重合反応を支配する原動力がラジカル(フリーラジカル、遊離基ともいう)のときラジカル重合とよび、イオンのときはイオン重合である。イオン重合ではカチオン(陽イオン)とアニオン(陰イオン)のいずれかが反応の原動力となり、前者をカチオン重合、後者をアニオン重合とよんでいる。いずれも連鎖反応として進む一般的な重合反応であり、原子の移動を伴わずに、低分子量の単量体から数万という線状の高分子量物質を形成していくきわめて効率のよい反応である。

[垣内 弘]

環化重合

環化重合は環を形成しながら重合する反応で閉環重合ということもある。この反応には、たとえばジビニルアセタールをラジカル重合させて環状構造をもったポリマーをつくる例がある。この環状ポリマーを加水分解すると100%水酸基をもったポリビニルアルコールになる。

[垣内 弘]

開環重合

開環重合は酸素、窒素、硫黄(いおう)などを環中に含んだ環状化合物を開環させて線状ポリマーにする反応である。機構的には大部分がイオン反応である。

[垣内 弘]

水素移動重合

水素移動重合における単量体の組成式は重合体の繰り返し単位と変わらないが、水素原子の移動のおこっているような重合である。水素原子の分子内移動による分子内異性化と連鎖成長反応が交互に進む。カチオン重合およびアニオン重合の特殊な場合として現れる。また、ポリウレタンをつくる反応は水素移動共重合で、重付加ともいわれている。

[垣内 弘]

脱離重合

脱離重合は単量体組成から分子が脱離して重合体になっていく重合例である。また、脱水素重合は比較的酸化を受けやすい単量体を酸化剤とともに加熱して重合体をつくる。酸化剤として酸素、過酸化物あるいは塩化銅(Ⅰ)(塩化第一銅)などが用いられる。脱窒素重合にはジアゾアルカンやジアゾニウム塩の重合例がある。いずれも重合はラジカル的に進行する。

[垣内 弘]

重縮合

重縮合はポリ縮合ともいわれ、他の重合とはやや異なった反応型式をとる。すなわち、2分子間で水が脱離してエステルを生成する反応の繰り返しにより、段階的にゆっくりと大きな分子量のものに成長する。6,6-ナイロンやテトロンの製造がその例である。

[垣内 弘]

付加縮合

付加縮合とは、形式的にフェノール樹脂やユリア樹脂(尿素樹脂)などの生成反応をいう。付加反応と縮合反応を繰り返して成長していく。最後の生成物は三次元の構造をもった網目状に成長している。

[垣内 弘]

『井本立也・李秀逸著『重合反応工学』(1970・日刊工業新聞社)』『三枝武夫ほか編『講座重合反応論』全12巻(1971~1974・化学同人)』『三枝武夫著『化学のレビュー 重合の開始』(1972・至文堂)』『高分子学会編『高分子実験学第4巻 付加重合・開環重合』(1983・共立出版)』『井上賢三著『高分子化学』(1994・朝倉書店)』『高分子学会編『新高分子実験学2 高分子の合成・反応1――付加系高分子の合成』(1995・共立出版)』『井上祥平著『高分子合成化学』(1996・裳華房)』『井上晴夫ほか編、中条善樹著『基礎化学コース 高分子化学1 合成』(1996・丸善)』『化学工業会編『化学工業便覧』改訂6版(1999・丸善)』『蒲池幹治・遠藤剛著『ラジカル重合ハンドブック 基礎から新展開まで』(1999・エヌ・ティー・エス)』『日本化学会編『実験化学講座28 高分子合成』(1999・丸善)』『高分子学会編『ポリマーフロンティア21シリーズ 高分子科学と有機化学とのキャッチボール――新規重合反応および新構造・機能の開発を目指して』(2001・エヌ・ティー・エス)』『遠藤剛・三田文雄著『高分子化学』(2001・化学同人)』

[参照項目] | イオン重合 | 開環 | 解重合 | 環式化合物 | 共重合 | 合成ゴム | 高分子化合物 | ゴム | 重合体 | 重縮合 | 縮合 | セルロース | 単量体 | ナイロン | フェノール樹脂 | 付加重合 | 閉環 | ポリビニルアルコール | ユリア樹脂 | ラジカル重合
付加重合の基本型
©Shogakukan">

付加重合の基本型

付加重合(環化重合)
©Shogakukan">

付加重合(環化重合)

付加重合(開環重合)
©Shogakukan">

付加重合(開環重合)

水素移動重合(カチオン的水素移動重合)
©Shogakukan">

水素移動重合(カチオン的水素移動重合)

水素移動重合(アニオン的水素移動重合)
©Shogakukan">

水素移動重合(アニオン的水素移動重合)

水素移動重合(水素移動共重合)
©Shogakukan">

水素移動重合(水素移動共重合)

脱離重合(脱炭酸重合)
©Shogakukan">

脱離重合(脱炭酸重合)

脱離重合(脱水素重合)
©Shogakukan">

脱離重合(脱水素重合)

脱離重合(脱窒素重合)
R;H、CH、CH、CHなど©Shogakukan">

脱離重合(脱窒素重合)

脱離重合(重縮合)
©Shogakukan">

脱離重合(重縮合)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Collective behavior

>>:  Free port - jiyukou (English spelling)

Recommend

Tevfik Fikret

1867‐1915 Turkish poet. Born in Istanbul, he was m...

Oginoyamanakahan

During the Edo period, this was a branch of the O...

Changing of the guard ceremony

In a polynomial with n variables x 1 , x 2 , ...,...

Jean (English spelling)

Born: January 5, 1921, Colmarberg (Berg Castle) [D...

Vogelsberg

...The Middle Mountains region includes the Upper...

Sternotherus

…However, these aquatic species are not very dang...

Koppou

〘noun〙① The bone structure of the body. Skeleton. ...

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (subarachnoid hemorrhage)

This refers to bleeding that occurs in the subarac...

Kanewaka

⇒Takahira Tsujimura Source: Kodansha Digital Japan...

lecture forum (English)

...Currently, it refers to public forums such as ...

Aśvin (English spelling) Asvin

…Mithra was worshipped widely in the Roman Empire...

Trumpet sea urchin (Toxopneustes pileolus)

An echinoderm (illustration) of the family Trumpet...

Costume Philosophy - Sartor Resartus

A work by British historian Thomas Carlyle. As th...

Accountability

… [Accounting Functions] The functions of account...

gute Sitten (English spelling) guteSitten

...This law has been inherited by the French Civi...