Nara was the capital of Japan for about 70 years in the 8th century. It was established in 710 (Wado 3) when the capital was moved from Fujiwara-kyo to Nagaoka-kyo in 784 (Enryaku 3), but there was a gap of about five years after the Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion (740) when the capital was moved to Naniwa. Located at the northern end of the Nara Basin, it was connected to the Kizu and Yodogawa river systems when it reached Yamashiro Province (Kyoto Prefecture), and was a key transportation hub that connected to the Sanyo, Sanin, Hokuriku, and Tosando areas, and also connected to the Seto Inland Sea via the Yamatogawa river system to the south. Heijo-kyo was a representative example of an ancient capital city with a grid system, with Heijo Palace, where the emperor lived and where government offices were located, located at the northern center of the capital, and the 80-meter-wide Suzaku Avenue running south along its central axis. Heijo Palace measured 1 kilometer from north to south and 1.3 kilometers from east to west, with the square Dairi, the emperor's residence, at its center, and Chodoin, the official political and ceremonial venue, to the south of that. Government offices were built within the Heijo Palace grounds surrounding it. Heijo-kyo was built around Suzaku-oji, with Ukyo to the west and Sakyo to the east, and a protruding area called Gaikyo to the east. Kofuku-ji, Gangoji, Katsuragi-dera, and other temples were built in Gaikyo, and Todai-ji was built behind it, northeast of Gaikyo. The left and right capitals and the outer capital were each divided into square "bo" (temples) with sides of about 500 meters, and the bo were further divided into square "tsubo" (temples) with sides of about 104 meters. The roads surrounding the bo were called "oji" (main roads), and the roads going around the "tsubo" (temples) were called "koji". The tsubo was further divided into small residential lots, each about 1/32 of a tsubo in size. These residential lots were thought to belong to ordinary people or low-ranking officials, and appear in the Shosoin documents as collateral for monthly loans, and the existence of such lots has been confirmed during excavation surveys. In contrast to these small residential lots, there seem to have been aristocrats' residential lots that took up an entire 33m² of land, and there have been reports of excavations of such ruins. The population living in Heijo-kyo is estimated to have been around 170,000. Of these, there were around 100 aristocrats of fifth rank or higher, and even including their families, the total number was not much more than 1,000. Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that the majority of people living in Heijo-kyo were middle- and lower-ranking government officials, hired laborers and servants who worked as laborers for the Heijo Palace and other facilities, and ordinary commoners. Incidentally, economic activity in Heijo-kyo was brisk, centering on the East and West markets (government-run markets) established in Ukyo Hachijo Nibo and Sakyo Hachijo Sanbo, but the center of the city's economy was by no means commerce or handicrafts. In this respect, Heijo-kyo had a completely different character from the ancient cities of Greece and Rome, or the medieval cities of Europe. At the very least, the center of its economy was dependent on tributes from the provinces, since Heijo-kyo was the residence of the emperor and the workplace of many government officials (said to be around 6,000 people). Trade between the East and West markets within Heijo-kyo supplemented this tribute economy, but it was not the basis of Heijo-kyo's economy. This economic structure of Heijo-kyo became increasingly contradictory as the Ritsuryo system became unstable and the tribute system began to decline. In the latter half of the Nara period, there was severe inflation centered around Heijo-kyo. Furthermore, the political world also became increasingly confused with the emergence of the monk Dokyo, etc., which led to the demand for the construction of a new capital. It is said that as a result, the relocation of the capital to Nagaoka-kyo in 784 (Enryaku 3) was planned. In 1998 (Heisei 10), the Heijo Palace ruins were registered as a World Heritage Site (World Cultural Heritage. Nara's cultural assets include eight shrines and temples, including Todaiji Temple). [Kiyoaki Kito] "Tanaka Taku (ed.) 'Heijo-kyo' ('Excavating Ancient Japan 3' 1984, Iwanami Shoten)" ©Shogakukan "> Heijo-kyo and Heijo Palace Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
8世紀、約70年間にわたって奈良に営まれた都城。710年(和銅3)に藤原京から遷都してきて以来784年(延暦3)長岡京に遷(うつ)るまでの間であるが、藤原広嗣(ふじわらのひろつぐ)の乱(740)後の5年間ほどは難波(なにわ)を都としたため空白期間がある。奈良盆地の北端に位置しており、山背国(やましろのくに)(京都府)へ抜けると木津(きづ)・淀川(よどがわ)の水系につながり、山陽・山陰・北陸・東山道方面に連なる交通の要地であり、また南も大和川(やまとがわ)水系によって瀬戸内と連絡することができる位置を占めていた。 平城京は条坊制を伴う古代都城の代表的なものの一つであって、天皇の居住地であり、かつ政府の官庁が営まれた平城宮を京の中央北端に設定し、その中軸線に沿って南へ、幅80メートルに及ぶ朱雀大路(すざくおおじ)が設けられていた。平城宮は、南北1キロメートル、東西1.3キロメートルを計り、中心に方形の、天皇の居所である内裏(だいり)を置き、その南に公的な政治・儀式の場である朝堂院を設けていた。各官庁はそれを巡る平城宮域内につくられていたのである。 平城京は朱雀大路を中心に西に右京、東に左京を設け、さらに外京と称する張り出し部分を東に設けていた。この外京には興福寺(こうふくじ)、元興寺(がんごうじ)、葛城寺(かつらぎでら)などが営まれ、さらに外京の北東外には後ろに東大寺が営まれることになる。左右京、外京はそれぞれ、1辺500メートルほどの正方形の「坊」に区画され、坊はさらに1辺104メートルほどの正方形の「坪」に区画された。この坊を取り巻く道路は大路、「坪」を巡る道路は小路(こうじ)である。また坪の中はさらに細分化され32分の1坪などといった零細な宅地が区画されていた。これらの宅地は一般庶民や下級官人のものと思われ、月借銭(げっしゃくせん)という借金の担保として正倉院文書中に現れており、発掘調査でもかかる区画の存在が確認されている。このような小規模な宅地とは対照的に、1坪全部を占めるような貴族の宅地も存在したらしく、そのような遺跡の発掘事例も報告されている。 このような平城京に居住した人口は、ほぼ17万人前後ではないかと推定されている。このうち五位以上の貴族は100人前後であり、その家族などを含めても1000人をそれほど超えるものではない。したがって、平城京に居住する大半の人間は、中・下級の官人と平城宮などに賦役(ぶえき)として働く雇夫(こふ)、仕丁(しちょう)、および一般庶民であると考えてよさそうである。 ところで、平城京の経済活動は右京八条二坊と左京八条三坊に設置された東西の市(いち)(官営の市場)を中心に活発な動きを示していたが、けっして京の経済の中心は商業や手工業ではなかった。この点では平城京はギリシア、ローマの古代都市やヨーロッパの中世都市とはまったく異なった性格を帯びたものであったといえよう。少なくともその経済の中心は、平城京が天皇の居住地であり多数の官人(6000人ほどといわれる)の勤務地であったことによって、地方からの調庸(ちょうよう)物の貢納に依拠していたのである。平城京内の東西市の交易はかかる貢納経済を補うものであって、それが平城京の経済の基礎であったわけではないのである。 このような平城京の経済構造は、律令(りつりょう)体制が動揺し、貢納体制が衰退してくるにつれて、矛盾を深めていくことになった。奈良時代の後半は平城京を中心にかなり激しいインフレーションが発生している。さらに政界も僧道鏡(どうきょう)の出現等をめぐって混乱を深めたため、新しい都城の建設が要請されることとなった。この結果、計画されたのが784年(延暦3)の長岡京遷都であったといわれている。なお、平城宮跡が1998年(平成10)、世界遺産の文化遺産として登録された(世界文化遺産。奈良の文化財は東大寺など8社寺等が一括登録されている)。 [鬼頭清明] 『田中琢編『平城京』(『古代日本を発掘する3』1984・岩波書店)』 ©Shogakukan"> 平城京と平城宮 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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