A company deposits a portion of employees' wages on behalf of the company. The Labor Standards Act (Law No. 49 of 1947) prohibits companies from forcing employees to deposit money, stating that "employers shall not make employees enter into a savings contract or a contract to manage savings in conjunction with a labor contract" (Article 18, Paragraph 1). However, for companies to voluntarily manage savings, i.e., to make in-house deposits, the company is permitted to make written agreements with the majority of the workers in the workplace if there is a labor union organized by the majority of the workers, or with a person who represents the majority of the workers if there is no labor union organized by the majority of the workers, and to notify the administrative authorities of the agreement (Article 18, Paragraph 2). In such cases, the labor-management agreement must stipulate the following: (1) the scope of depositors, (2) the deposit limit per depositor, (3) the interest rate and calculation unit of interest, (4) the procedures for deposit acceptance and withdrawal, and (5) the method of storing deposits. Other requirements of the Labor Standards Act include the establishment of rules regarding the management of savings (deposits) and taking measures such as making them available in the workplace to make them known to workers (Article 3), and stipulating that companies must provide interest when managing employees' deposits (Article 4). A Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare ordinance (enforced in April 1999) stipulates that the minimum interest that employers can pay when accepting employee deposits is 5 rin (0.5%) per year, and this is still in effect as of August 2008. There is no maximum limit. In addition, companies must return internal deposits without delay when requested by workers (Article 18, Paragraph 5 of the Labor Standards Act). The origin of in-house savings can be traced back to the forced deposit system implemented in the textile industry in the Meiji and Taisho periods as a measure to keep employees employed. The reasons for the remarkable popularity of in-house savings from the end of World War II through the period of high economic growth include (1) the fact that companies could save on cash wage payments during times of economic downturn and that it became a stable source of capital investment funds during times of economic boom, and (2) the fact that in-house savings provided employees with benefits, such as by setting interest rates on in-house savings higher than bank interest rates and providing housing loans to in-house savers. As the period of high economic growth was followed by a period of stable growth and financial liberalization and internationalization progressed, the demand for in-house savings gradually weakened from both companies and employees. There are the following reasons for this. First, as the economic growth rate declined, companies' demand for funds declined relatively, and as companies were accumulating capital, the incentive for companies to rely on in-house savings became smaller, and interest rates were lowered. Secondly, as financial liberalization and internationalization progresses, the benefits to employees have diminished as individuals have more diverse options for financial assets. [Kazuo Ota] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
企業が従業員の委託を受けて給与の一部を預金として預かること。労働基準法(昭和22年法律49号)は、「使用者は、労働契約に附随して貯蓄の契約をさせ、又は貯蓄金を管理する契約をしてはならない」(18条1項)として、企業が強制的に従業員に預金させる行為を禁止している。しかし、企業による任意の貯蓄金管理、つまり社内預金については、「当該事業場に、労働者の過半数で組織する労働組合があるときはその労働組合、労働者の過半数で組織する労働組合がないときは労働者の過半数を代表する者との書面による協定をし、これを行政官庁に届け出」(同条2項)ることなどを要件として認めている。その際の労使協定には、次の事項が規定される必要がある。(1)預金者の範囲、(2)預金者1人当りの預金限度、(3)預金の利率および利子の計算単位、(4)預金受入れと払戻し手続、(5)預金の保管方法である。 その他の労働基準法の要件としては、貯蓄金(預金)の管理に関する規定を定め、これを労働者に周知させるため、作業場に備え付けるなどの措置をとらなければならない(同条3項)し、また、企業は従業員の預金の管理を行う場合には利子をつけなければならないとしている(同条4項)。厚生労働省令(1999年4月施行)では、使用者が従業員の預金を受け入れる場合の利息の最低限度を年5厘(0.5%)としており、2008年(平成20)8月現在これが適用されている。ちなみに最高限度の規定はない。また、労働者の請求があったときには遅滞なく社内預金の返還をしなければならない(労働基準法18条5項)。 社内預金のおこりは、明治・大正期に、繊維産業において、従業員の足止め策として強制的に行われた預金制度に求めることができる。第二次世界大戦後から高度成長期を通して、社内預金が著しく普及した要因としては、(1)企業は不況期には賃金の現金支払いを節約でき、好況期には安定した設備投資資金の原資となったこと、(2)従業員に対しては、銀行金利よりも社内預金金利を高く設定したり、社内預金者には企業の住宅資金貸付を実施することなどにより、従業員に対する福利厚生的役割をもたせることができたことなど、企業、従業員にメリットがあったことがあげられる。やがて、高度成長期から安定成長期に移行し、金融の自由化・国際化が進行するにつれ、社内預金に対する需要は企業、従業員双方からしだいに弱まってきた。それには次のような背景がある。まず、経済成長率の低下に伴い、企業の資金需要が相対的に減退したうえに、企業の資本蓄積が進行していたので、企業が社内預金に依存する誘因は小さくなり、その金利も引き下げられたことである。次に、金融自由化・国際化が進展するにつれ、個人の金融資産選択が多様化したことなどにより、従業員にとってのメリットも薄れてきたことがあげられる。 [太田和男] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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