An insurance system. Although its technical basis is insurance, the special nature of its purpose makes it unique. [Takashi Saguchi] Three requirementsGenerally speaking, insurance systems are intended to provide financial compensation for unexpected losses such as the life or property of an individual, but social insurance can be said to be aimed at stabilizing the lives of workers, and first appeared as a measure to prevent falling into poverty. Workers' lives are supported by wages as compensation for their labor, but if they cannot earn wages due to inability to work, they will face difficulties in life and fall into poverty. In this case, if they can obtain a living security from social insurance instead of wages, their lives will be stabilized. Initially, social insurance was established as a national policy with the aim of providing such protection to workers, especially manual laborers. The first example was the sickness insurance established by Bismarck in Germany in 1883, which became known as workers' insurance and spread to other countries. After that, the scope of application was expanded to include employees, and it has continued to be used to this day to include people other than employees. It is noteworthy that social insurance is now considered important as the core of the social security system in many countries. In particular, because the requirements for social insurance include state management, national funding, and compulsory enrollment, it is positioned as public insurance as opposed to private insurance in the insurance system, and its distinctive feature is that compulsory enrollment is the rule. [Takashi Saguchi] System structureAs long as it is an insurance system, the insured accidents (hazards and risks) that are covered by the insurance are set, and in the case of social insurance, this corresponds to the worker's inability to work, and usually includes temporary inability to work due to injury, illness, childbirth, and unemployment, and permanent inability to work due to physical disability, old age, and death (survivors). Insurance benefits are paid as allowances, lump sums, and pensions for the loss of wages due to these, but social insurance is divided into several types according to each insured accident. There is disease insurance (health insurance, medical insurance) for injury, illness, and childbirth, unemployment insurance (employment insurance) for unemployment, disability insurance for disability, old age insurance for old age, and survivors insurance for death. The first two are called short-term insurance because the benefit period is short, but the latter three are called long-term insurance because the benefit period is long, and since the form of benefit is mainly pension, they are lumped together as pension insurance (disability pension, old age pension, survivors pension). In addition, there is accident insurance and workers' accident compensation insurance (workers' accident compensation insurance) in the event that a worker suffers from a work-related accident or contracts an occupational disease due to a cause in the performance of their duties and without gross negligence. As this system provides compensation including the employer's liability for damages, there is some debate as to whether it falls within the scope of social insurance, but it is usually included in that category. As both unemployment insurance and workers' accident compensation insurance systems deal with insured accidents that arise from an employee's employment relationship, they are considered to be unique to employees, and are sometimes referred to as labor insurance to assert their separate existence. In the case of social insurance, insurance premiums are collected from employees in proportion to their wages, but in principle the burden is shared equally between employers and employees. Workmen's accident compensation insurance has a compensatory nature, so the insurance premiums are borne entirely by employers. Benefits are also proportional to wages, but while the burden on the national treasury is taken into consideration, the amount of benefits is determined based on social necessity and appropriateness, regardless of personal desire. When social insurance is extended to people other than employees, both insurance premiums and benefits are determined in proportion to the income of those people, but since there is no burden on employers for insurance premiums, there are cases in which a high proportion of the national treasury is used for benefits. Furthermore, since social insurance is operated under the responsibility and management of the state, it goes without saying that all administrative costs are borne by the national treasury. [Takashi Saguchi] Universal health insurance and universal pensionJapan's social insurance system started with the health insurance system established in 1922 (Taisho 11), and various social insurance systems have been established. In 1986 (Showa 36), in order to expand and strengthen the social security system, universal health insurance and universal pensions were realized, in which all citizens enroll in one of the health insurance and pension systems. However, looking at the current system, each system is separate according to the subjects of coverage, and the burden and benefits differ depending on the system. If we are to achieve universal health insurance and universal pensions, it goes without saying that it is desirable to develop these systems as centrally as possible. The application of universal health insurance to all citizens means that most citizens will receive medical treatment for injuries and illnesses through insured medical care, but this, combined with the rise in medical expenses, has caused a phenomenon of increasing medical expenses, and policies to control medical expenses are currently desired. It is expected that universal pensions will also connect all elderly people to old-age pensions in an aging society, but measures to maintain stable pension finances to cover this are desired. These developments indicate that Japan's social insurance system, which is the core of social security, is being called into question from a financial perspective as to how it will respond to the coming aging society. [Takashi Saguchi] "Social Insurance" by Kondo Bunji (1963, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "History of the Japanese Social Insurance System" by Saguchi Taku (1977, Keiso Shobo)" ▽ "Social Insurance Reform - Redesigning Pensions, Nursing Care, Medical Care, and Employment Insurance" edited by Hatta Tatsuo and Yashiro Naohiro (1998, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)" ▽ "Social and Economic Productivity Headquarters Productivity Labor Information Center edited "Social Insurance Key Points Explained - Work Life in the Age of Nursing Care Insurance" (1999, Socio-Economic Productivity Headquarters)" ▽ "Introduction to Social Insurance Law" by Kato Makoto (2000, Doyukan)" ▽ "Social Security Law" by Konishi Kunitomo (2001, Yuhikaku)" ▽ "Illustrated Introduction to the Introduction to Social Insurance" 6th edition edited by Tsuchiya Akira and written by Yoshida Masatoshi (2002, Tax Research Institute Publishing Bureau)" ▽ "Social Insurance Handbook, edited by the Social Insurance Handbook Editorial Department, various editions (Kosei Publishing)" ▽ "Social Insurance Knowledge, by Yonekichi Kojima (Nikkei Bunko)" [Reference items] | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
保険制度の一つ。その技術的基盤は保険にあるとはいえ、その目的が特別な性格をもつことによって、独自の存在となっている。 [佐口 卓] 三つの要件一般に保険制度というときには、個人の生命や財産などの思わざる損失に対しての経済的補填(ほてん)を期待することにあるのだが、社会保険は労働者の生活の安定を目ざしたものといえるし、貧困に陥ることへの防止策=防貧策としてまず登場したのであった。労働者の生活は労働の対価としての賃金によって支えられるが、もし労働不能によって賃金が得られないときには生活難となり、貧困への転落が生じる。この場合に、賃金にかわって社会保険からの生活保障が得られるならば、労働者の生活は安定するであろう。当初は、労働者ことに肉体労働者に対してのこうした保護を目的として社会保険は国家的施策のうえに成立をみた。1883年、ドイツでビスマルクによって成立した疾病保険がその嚆矢(こうし)とされ、労働者保険ともよばれて各国に普及した。その後、職員層にも適用対象が拡大され、さらに被用者以外の人々にも普及されて今日に至っている。 現在では、多くの国々において、社会保障制度の中核的存在として、この社会保険が重要視されていることは注目されてよい。とくに、社会保険の要件としては、国家管理、国庫負担、強制加入があげられるがゆえに、保険制度のうえでは、私的保険に対して公的保険と位置づけられているし、強制加入を原則としている点にその特色がうかがわれる。 [佐口 卓] 制度の仕組み保険制度である限り、保険の対象となる保険事故=危険・リスクが設定されるが、社会保険では労働者の労働不能がこれに該当し、通常は、一時的労働不能である傷病・出産・失業、永久的労働不能である身体障害・老齢・死亡(遺族)があげられる。これらによる賃金の喪失に対し、保険給付が手当金、一時金、年金として支給されるが、それぞれの保険事故に応じて社会保険はいくつかの種類に分かれる。傷病・出産について疾病保険(健康保険、医療保険)、失業について失業保険(雇用保険)、障害について障害保険、老齢について老齢保険、死亡について遺族保険がある。前二者は給付期間が短いので短期保険とよばれるが、後三者はそれが長いので長期保険とよばれ、かつ、給付形態が主として年金によるので、年金保険(障害年金、老齢年金、遺族年金)として一括される。 このほか、労働者が業務の遂行に原因があって、かつ、重大な過失がない限り、労働災害として被災するか、あるいは職業病に罹患(りかん)した場合には災害保険、労災保険(労働者災害補償保険)がある。この制度は事業主の賠償責任を含む補償を内容とするものであることから、社会保険の範疇(はんちゅう)に入るか否かは議論の分かれるところであるが、通常はその範疇に入れている。失業保険と労災保険の両制度は被用者が雇用関係にあることから生じる保険事故を扱うので被用者固有のものとしてとらえ、あえて労働保険とよんで独自の存在を主張することがある。 社会保険は、被用者の場合には、保険料は賃金比例で徴収するが、原則的には労使折半負担である。労災保険は賠償的性格があるため、保険料は使用者全額負担となる特色がある。給付も同じく賃金比例ではあるが、国庫負担が考慮されている一方で、個人的欲求を離れて、給付がどれくらいあるかは社会的必要性と妥当性において決定される。被用者以外の人々に社会保険が拡大適用されたときには、その人々の所得に比例して保険料も給付も決定されるが、保険料に使用者負担がないことから、給付に国庫負担が投入される割合が高いこともある。なお、社会保険にあっては、国の責任と管理のもとに運営されるので、その事務費は全額国庫負担であることはいうまでもない。 [佐口 卓] 皆保険・皆年金日本における社会保険制度は1922年(大正11)に成立をみた健康保険制度から出発して、現在では各種社会保険制度が整備されてきている。61年(昭和36)からは、社会保障制度の拡充強化のために、すべての国民がいずれかの医療保険・年金制度に加入する国民皆保険・皆年金を実現するに至った。しかしながら、現行制度をみると、適用対象ごとに各制度が分立しているのが現状であり、制度によって負担と給付が異なっている。国民皆保険・皆年金というのであれば、これらの制度はできる限り一元的に整備されていくことが望ましいのはいうまでもない。皆保険という医療保険の全国民への適用は、ほとんどの国民が傷病に対して保険医療で受診・受療することになるが、これは医療費用のコストの上昇と相まって、医療費の増大という現象を生ぜしめており、現在では医療費抑制の政策が望まれている。皆年金も、高齢化社会においてすべての老人が老齢年金に結び付いてくることが期待されるが、それをまかなう年金財政の安定した維持策が望まれている。これらは、日本の社会保障の中核である社会保険制度が、財政的観点から、今後の高齢化社会にいかに対応していくかを問われていることを示している。 [佐口 卓] 『近藤文二著『社会保険』(1963・岩波書店)』▽『佐口卓著『日本社会保険制度史』(1977・勁草書房)』▽『八田達夫・八代尚宏編『社会保険改革――年金、介護、医療、雇用保険の再設計』(1998・日本経済新聞社)』▽『社会経済生産性本部生産性労働情報センター編『社会保険ポイント解説――介護保険時代の職業生活』(1999・社会経済生産性本部)』▽『加藤実著『社会保険法入門』(2000・同友舘)』▽『小西国友著『社会保障法』(2001・有斐閣)』▽『土屋彰監修、吉田正敏著『図解 社会保険入門の入門』6訂版(2002・税務研究会出版局)』▽『社会保険手帖編集部編『社会保険手帖』各年版(厚生出版社)』▽『小島米吉著『社会保険の知識』(日経文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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