In contrast to civil law, which is a modern private law system based on the principles of absolute ownership and freedom of contract, social law is a law or legal theory that modifies these principles, but there are many different opinions on this point. The emergence of social law was against the backdrop of the focus on so-called social problems (unemployment, poverty, etc.) since the beginning of the 20th century and the corresponding social policies from the state, and is linked to the establishment of new positive law branches such as labor law and economic law, whose principles differ from those of private law (civil law). As Sinzheimer and Radbruch argued, unlike civil law, it places substantive balance instead of formal equality, and concrete members of society instead of abstract citizens. While civil law has regarded all people as abstractly equal citizens, social law regards people as concrete people belonging to a certain class, stratum, or group, and places emphasis on the socially vulnerable, for whom the state should actively take care to ensure a life worthy of human dignity. In this sense, social law can be said to have been born out of the contradictions of capitalist society, but it remains within the framework of capitalism, let alone the modification of civil law principles. Today, when labor law and economic law have become independent laws or branches of law, some people view social law as narrowly limited to laws related to social welfare, but in light of the fact that social problems are expanding beyond unemployment and poverty to include issues of small and medium-sized enterprises, farmers, housing, pollution, and so on, it can be said that its significance is becoming increasingly important. [Taichiro Oe] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
普通、所有権の絶対、契約自由の原則などを基本原理とする近代私法体系の意味での市民法bürgerliches Rechtと対比して、これらの原理を修正する意味をもつ法ないし法理・法思想を社会法Sozialrechtというが、この点については議論が多岐に分かれる。社会法の生成は、20世紀初頭以来のいわゆる社会問題(失業、貧困など)とこれに対応する国家の側からの社会政策のクローズアップを背景とし、また労働法や経済法といった、私法(民法)体系とはその原理を異にする新しい実定法部門の成立と結び付いている。ジンツハイマーやラートブルフが論じたように、市民法と異なりそこには、形式的平等にかわって実質的衡量が、抽象的な市民にかわって具体的な社会人が登場する。市民法がすべての人間を抽象的に平等な市民としてとらえてきたのに対して、社会法は人間を一定の階級・階層や集団に属する具体的な人間としてとらえ、とくに国家が人間の尊厳に値する生活の保障を積極的に配慮すべき社会的弱者を重視するわけである。社会法はこの意味で資本主義社会の矛盾によって生み出されたものといえるが、市民法原理の修正はもとより、この資本主義の枠組みにとどまる。労働法や経済法が独立の法ないし法学部門として独立した今日では、社会法を狭く社会福祉に関する法に限定してみる立場もあるが、社会問題が失業、貧困のみならず、中小企業、農業民、住宅、公害等々の問題へと拡大していることからすれば、その意義はますます重みを増しているともいえる。 [大江泰一郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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