Citizen Revolution

Japanese: 市民革命 - しみんかくめい
Citizen Revolution
Also called bourgeois revolution. A revolution in which the bourgeoisie (middle class) establishes class rule, and a struggle to establish modern industrial capital, which is the economic base of the middle class. Politically, it is a drastic political change that overthrows absolutism and other feudal powers, liberates the bourgeoisie and the general public, and establishes a modern state, which results in the establishment of private property and aims for political freedom and constitutionalism. Economically, it further accelerates the capitalist development that has already been progressing within the feudal society through the Industrial Revolution and other events, eliminates feudal production relations (feudal rent or serfdom), completely commodifies the basic means of production, land, labor, and money, as rent, wages, and capital in the market mechanism, and accelerates the formation of a capitalist market economy. The basic task of the revolution is to seize power, align it with the existing capitalist production relations in the process of growth, ensure their free development, and open the way to a capitalist society. Bourgeois revolutions can be broadly divided into two types: the incomplete German type, led by the nobility and landlords, and the radical French type, led by peasants and the petty bourgeoisie. Examples include the English Puritan Revolution (1640-60), the American Revolution (1775-83), the French Revolution (1789-99), and the March Revolution in Germany (1848). The bourgeois and proletarian revolutions are not in a transitional relationship of development stages, but can sometimes be linked or fused together, as in the Russian Revolution.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ブルジョア革命とも呼ばれる。ブルジョアジー (市民階級) が階級支配を確立する革命であり,市民階級の経済的基礎である近代産業資本を確立するための闘争。政治的には絶対主義その他の封建権力を打倒し,ブルジョアジーおよび広く一般市民を解放し近代国家を樹立する急激な政治変革であり,その結果私有財産制が確立し政治的自由と立憲主義が志向される。経済的には,産業革命などにより封建社会の母体内ですでに進行している資本主義的発展を一層促進させ,封建的生産関係 (封建的地代あるいは農奴制) を一掃し,基本的生産手段である土地,労働,貨幣を地代,労賃,資本として市場機構のなかで全面的に商品化させ,資本主義的市場経済の形成に拍車をかける。革命の基本的任務は権力を奪取し,既存の成長過程にある資本主義的生産関係と合致させてその自由な発展を確保し,資本主義社会への道を大きく開くことにある。ブルジョア革命には大別して,貴族および地主を主導勢力とする不徹底なドイツ型と,農民,小ブルジョアを主体とする急進的なフランス型がある。例としては,イギリスの清教徒革命 (1640~60) ,アメリカ独立革命 (1775~83) ,フランス革命 (89~99) ,ドイツ三月革命 (1848) など。またブルジョア革命とプロレタリア革命は発展段階的な移行関係にあるのでなく,ロシア革命のようにそれが連結,融合する場合がある。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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