It is a movement in which each citizen is aware of their rights on the basis of democracy, seeks solidarity beyond class differences, and strives to achieve a specific common goal. The characteristic of this citizen movement is that it is a non-partisan movement by non-political citizens through a fluid and flexible organization, based on the voluntary participation of individuals. Examples include the former Beheiren (Citizens' Coalition for Peace in Vietnam), anti-war movements, peace movements, anti-pollution movements, anti-nuclear movements, consumer movements, and ecology movements. Citizen movements are carried out by people in various professions, and are distinguished from labor movements, which are carried out based on people working in a specific occupation or workplace. This citizen movement is often used synonymously with residents' movements, but just as the terms are different, the two are sometimes distinguished. This distinction is related to whether the movement's purpose is rooted in a specific local community, that is, the issue of locality. Apart from that point, it is safe to say that citizen movements and residents' movements are almost synonymous. However, the issue of regionality cannot always be understood in a univocal way, and therefore in practice it is often difficult to make a distinction. [Yuetsu Takahashi and Ken Harada] Japanese Citizen MovementsThis type of movement began to flourish in the mid-1960s, when the so-called high economic growth began in earnest. The national government launched one development plan after another to promote economic growth, and local governments, as national centralization became stronger, also focused on developing the industrial base. As a result, industrialization and urbanization were promoted to a high level, an "affluent society" was created, and the "middle class" reached 90% of the population. However, at the same time, this gave rise to many serious problems, such as a deterioration of living conditions, destruction of the natural environment, overcrowding and depopulation, a dramatic increase in waste, overuse of resources and energy, human alienation and the disintegration of individuals. Amid the proliferation of such problems, a wide variety of movements began to flourish. These movements have branched out into a variety of different groups, including anti-pollution movements of various kinds (factory pollution, traffic pollution, food pollution, etc.), movements demanding the development and improvement of public facilities related to welfare, culture, and education, movements against the construction of "nuisance facilities" (such as waste disposal facilities), movements against the construction of large-scale public facilities (such as airports, Shinkansen, expressways, nuclear and thermal power plants), movements against large-scale development (such as Tomakomai, Mutsu Ogawara, Shibushi), nature conservation movements throughout the country, and movements to preserve landscapes and townscapes. From the 1960s to the early 1970s, citizen movements protested against the existing social system and had a major impact on public policy, but since the 1980s they have generally subsided. However, new single-issue movements have developed, such as the feminist movement, the ecology movement, the anti-nuclear movement after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, and the disability movement, which are organized in a different way from previous movements. These movements are often called "new social movements." One specific movement that developed in the 1980s was the movement against the construction of housing for US military forces in Ikeno Forest, Zushi City, Kanagawa Prefecture, which attracted attention. In the 1990s, movements against various development projects developed. Specific examples include the movement against the construction of a nuclear power plant in Maki Town, Niigata Prefecture (now Nishikan Ward, Niigata City), and the movement against industrial waste disposal sites in various places. Other issues that came into the spotlight included the construction of Kobe Airport after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the construction of the Yoshino River Estuary Weir in Tokushima Prefecture. [Yuetsu Takahashi and Ken Harada] Types and development of the movementThere have been several attempts to categorize citizen or resident movements. For example, from the demand for action type/anti-action type to the community/town development type. This does not simply mean a categorization, but also, as the arrow indicates, a change from the 1960s to the 1970s. In the 1960s, there were many demand for action types calling for the expansion and improvement of educational and welfare facilities, and anti-action types that prevented development activities that could lead to the deterioration of living environments such as pollution. However, in the 1970s, when the period of high growth turned to low growth after the oil crisis, there was a shift from the whistle-blowing type confronting the developmental state to community-level movements that could be called the community/town development type. However, the development of the movement cannot be understood simply in terms of a type, and there are movements that have aspects of each type at the same time, and the types of the 1960s did not disappear in the 1970s. "Networking" is a keyword that characterizes the development of citizen movements since the 1980s. In terms of organizational forms, there has been a growing tendency for independent individual citizen movements to form ad hoc (specific purpose) coalitions and to emphasize loose, horizontal connections. Networking is a concept that was formed from the various activities of voluntary citizens in the United States, but with the advancement of information technology such as the Internet, cooperation between movements through information media (as seen in the case of the "Fujimae Tidal Flats Protection Association") has become a major characteristic of today's citizen movements. [Yuetsu Takahashi and Ken Harada] "Iwanami Lectures: Contemporary Urban Policy II: Citizen Participation" edited by Ito Mitsuharu, Shinohara Hajime, Matsushita Keiichi, and Miyamoto Kenichi (1973, Iwanami Shoten) " "The Logic of Resident Movements" edited by Matsubara Jiro and Nitagai Kamon (1976, Gakuyo Shobo) " "Citizen Movements in Zushi" by Mori Mototaka (1998, Ochanomizu Shobo) [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ひとりひとりの市民が民主主義を基礎に、権利意識を自覚し、階層の相違を超えた連帯を求め、特定の共通の目的を達成しようとする運動をいう。この市民運動の特徴は、個人の自主的な参加を前提に、流動的で柔軟な組織を通して、非政治的な市民による非党派的な運動を展開する点にある。かつてのベ平連(ベトナムに平和を!市民連合)をはじめ、反戦運動、平和運動、反公害運動、反核運動、消費者運動、エコロジー運動などがその例としてあげられる。市民運動は、さまざまな職業に従事している人々によって担われており、特定の職種や職場で働いている人々を基盤に展開される労働運動とは区別される。この市民運動は住民運動としばしば同義に用いられることがあるが、用語が相違しているように、両者は区別されるときもある。この区別は、運動の目的とするところが特定の地域社会に根ざしているかどうか、つまり地域性の問題にかかわってくるものである。その点を別とすれば、市民運動と住民運動はほぼ同義であると考えてよいであろう。しかし、その地域性の問題もかならずしも一義的に理解できるとは限らず、したがって、実際には区別しにくい場合も少なくない。 [高橋勇悦・原田 謙] 日本の市民運動このような運動が盛んに展開し始めたのは、いわゆる経済の高度成長が本格化した1960年代の中ごろからである。国は次々と開発計画を打ち出して経済成長を進め、地方自治体も、国の中央集権化が強められるなかで、産業基盤の整備に意を注いだ。その結果は、産業化、都市化は高度に推し進められ、「豊かな社会」ができあがり、「中流意識」階級も90%に達するまでになった。しかし、それは同時に、生活環境の悪化、自然環境の破壊、過密化・過疎化、廃棄物の著増、資源・エネルギーの乱用、人間疎外・個人解体などの、多くの深刻な問題を生み出した。このような問題が多発するなかで多様な運動が盛んに展開するようになったのである。 これらの運動は、各種の公害反対運動(工場公害、交通公害、食品公害など)、福祉・文化・教育に関する公共施設の整備・充実要求運動、「迷惑施設」(ごみ処理施設など)建設反対運動、大規模な公共施設(空港、新幹線、高速道路、原子力・火力発電所など)建設反対運動、大規模開発反対運動(苫小牧(とまこまい)、むつ小川原(おがわら)、志布志(しぶし)など)、全国各地の自然保護運動、景観・町並みを保存する運動など、多様に分化している。 1960年代から1970年代前半にかけて、既存の社会体制に対する異議申し立てを展開し、公共政策に多大な影響を与えた市民運動は、1980年代以降、全体としては沈静化していった。しかしこれまでの運動とは異なる組織形態をとるフェミニズム運動、エコロジー運動、チェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故以降の反原発運動、障害者運動といった単一争点主義の新しい運動が展開されるようになった。これらの運動は「新しい社会運動」とよばれることも多い。具体的に1980年代に展開した運動としては、神奈川県逗子(ずし)市の池子の森における米軍住宅建設反対運動が注目を集めた。また1990年代に入ると、さまざまな開発事業に対する運動が展開された。具体的には、新潟県巻町(現、新潟市西蒲(にしかん)区)の原子力発電所建設をめぐる運動、各地の産業廃棄物処分場反対運動などである。また、阪神・淡路大震災後の神戸空港建設問題、徳島県の吉野川河口堰(よしのがわかこうぜき)建設問題なども脚光を浴びた。 [高橋勇悦・原田 謙] 運動の類型と展開市民運動ないし住民運動の類型化はいくつか試みられている。たとえば、作為要求型・作為阻止型→地域づくり・まちづくり型、などがそれである。これは単に類型を意味するだけでなく、矢印が示すように、1960年代から1970年代への変容を意味するものにもなっている。1960年代には、教育・福祉施設の増設・充実を求める作為要求型と公害などの生活環境の悪化を招くおそれのある開発行為を阻止する作為阻止型の運動が数多く展開していた。しかしオイル・ショックを境に高度成長期から低成長期に入った1970年代には、開発国家と対峙(たいじ)する告発型の運動から地域づくり・まちづくり型とよぶべきコミュニティ・レベルの運動に移行していったのである。とはいえ、運動の展開は単純に類型的に把握しきれるわけではなく、どの類型の側面も、同時にもつ運動もあるし、また、1960年代の類型が1970年代には消失してしまうのでもない。 1980年代以降の市民運動の展開を特徴づけるキーワードは「ネットワーキング」である。運動の組織形態として、自立した個々の市民運動がアドホックな(特別な目的のための)連合を形成したり、緩やかで水平的なつながりを重視する傾向が強まってきている。ネットワーキングは、アメリカの自発的市民によるさまざまな活動のなかから形成された概念であるが、インターネットといった情報化の進展に伴い、情報メディアを通じた運動の連携(「藤前(ふじまえ)干潟を守る会」の事例などにみられる)は、今日の市民運動がもつ大きな特質となっている。 [高橋勇悦・原田 謙] 『伊東光晴・篠原一・松下圭一・宮本憲一編『岩波講座 現代都市政策Ⅱ 市民参加』(1973・岩波書店)』▽『松原治郎・似田貝香門編『住民運動の論理』(1976・学陽書房)』▽『森元孝著『逗子の市民運動』(1998・御茶の水書房)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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