A genre of theater that was popular mainly in France for about 50 years in the middle of the 18th century. It is also translated as townspeople's drama, or simply drame. With the rise of the modern bourgeoisie in the 18th century, the classical theater of the time was replaced by familiar theater that depicted the lives of citizens. This trend first appeared in the developed capitalist country of England, where it gave birth to the genre of "family tragedies" as typified by Lillo's The Merchant of London (1731). Influenced by this, France developed a sentimental realistic drama with a strong moralistic tone called "tearjerker comedy," and works such as La Chaussée's Mélanide (1741) were born. It was Diderot who clearly put forward the idea of townspeople's theater and theorized it. In his essay "On the Art of Dramatic Drama" accompanying his comedy The Father of the Family (1758), he named the intermediate genre, which is neither tragedy nor comedy in the classical sense, "drame" (formal drama), and argued that it should be written in prose. Sudaine's The Natural Philosopher (1765) and Mercier's The Vinegar Merchant's Barrow (1775) are works that inherited and developed Diderot's theory of citizen drama, and Beaumarchais's The Marriage of Figaro (1784) and other works also inherited some of its ideas. However, it was in Germany's "Civil Tragedy" that citizen drama reached its true perfection, and Lessing produced Miss Sarah Sampson (1755) and Emilia Galotti (1772), which marked the pinnacle of citizen drama. This trend was carried on by works such as Schiller's Plots and Love (1784) and then by modern drama beginning with Ibsen, but on the other hand it also became the mother of the rise of bourgeois melodrama in the 19th century. [Tsutomu Ohshima] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
18世紀なかばの約50年間、フランスを中心に流行した演劇の一ジャンル。町民(人)劇とも訳され、単にドラームdrameともいう。18世紀に入り近代的なブルジョア(市民)階級が勃興(ぼっこう)すると、それまでの古典主義演劇にかわって、市民生活を題材とする身近な演劇が好まれるようになった。この傾向は資本主義の先進国イギリスにまず現れ、リロの『ロンドンの商人』(1731)に代表される「家庭悲劇」のジャンルを生んだ。この影響を受けたフランスでは、「催涙喜劇」とよばれる教訓臭の強い感傷的な写実劇が発達し、ラ・ショッセの『メラニード』(1741)などの作品が生まれた。市民劇の理念を明確に打ち出し、理論づけを行ったのはディドロである。彼は喜劇『一家の父』(1758)に付載した論文「劇芸術について」のなかで、古典的な意味で悲劇にも喜劇にも属さない中間のジャンルを「ドラーム(正劇)」と名づけ、散文で書くべきことを主張した。スデーヌの『天成の哲学者』(1765)、メルシエの『酢商人の手押車』(1775)は、ディドロの市民劇理論を継承・発展させた作品であり、またボーマルシェの『フィガロの結婚』(1784)などにもその理念は一部受け継がれている。しかし、市民劇が真の完成をみたのはドイツの「市民悲劇」においてであり、レッシングは『ミス・サラ・サンプソン』(1755)、『エミリア・ガロッティ』(1772)を発表し、市民劇の頂点を形づくった。この流れはシラーの『たくらみと恋』(1784)などを経て、イプセンに始まる近代劇へと引き継がれたが、他方では19世紀のブルジョア的なメロドラマ隆盛の母胎ともなった。 [大島 勉] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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