A machine that automatically sells goods, information, or services by inserting currency (coins, bills) or a card that replaces currency. It is an unmanned sales method that goes one step further than the face-to-face method in retail stores and the self-service method in supermarkets, and is a typical labor-saving machine in the distribution and sales sector. It is effective as a countermeasure to labor shortages and rising labor costs, and has the advantage of being able to operate on holidays and at night. However, other machines that are also operated with currency include public telephones and entertainment machines (jukeboxes, game machines, etc.), but these are not included in the category of vending machines due to their purpose. As of 1999, there were approximately 5.5 million vending machines in Japan, making it the number one vending machine in the world in terms of penetration rate per capita, surpassing that of the United States. [Sado Victory] kindsBroadly speaking, vending machines can be divided into goods vending machines and automatic service machines. The main goods vending machines include those selling beverages, food, tobacco, tickets, stamps and postcards, newspapers and magazines, daily necessities and sundries, and other various items in combination or combination vending machines. Information and service vending machines include employment information vending machines and computer software vending machines. Similarly, automatic service machines include automatic currency exchange machines, automatic photo taking machines, and coin lockers. Another unique type is the "unmanned convenience store." This is a store that has been turned into a vending machine, with a row of large display case-type vending machines that contain about 2,000 items. When you press the number of the product you want, a robotic arm is activated and the product is delivered to the dispenser. This system is attracting attention as something that opens up new possibilities for vending machines. [Sado Victory] historyThe world's oldest holy water vending machine was found in an Egyptian temple in 215 BC. This machine is said to have been invented by Heron, and when a drachma coin was inserted, the weight of the coin opened a stopper and dispensed a few drops of water. This type of idea was later revived in England in the 17th century and was widely spread throughout Europe and the United States, where it was used to invent vending machines for tobacco, stamps, chewing gum, and other items. In Japan, the first vending machine was a tobacco vending machine invented by Tawaraya Takashichi in 1888 (Meiji 21), which was exhibited at the National Industrial Exposition held in Tokyo at the time and was well received. The most famous vending machine invented by Tawaraya was the wooden "Automatic Postage Stamp and Postcard Vending Machine" made in 1904 (Meiji 37), a unique machine that combined a stamp vending machine, postcard vending machine, and postbox into one machine. This machine is currently on display at the Telecommunications Museum in Otemachi, Tokyo. Historically speaking, the beginning of the modern vending machine is said to be the cigarette vending machine invented in 1925 by the American William Rowe, which sold a wide variety of cigarettes at different prices. However, it was not until around 1930 in Europe and the United States that vending machines moved beyond the stage of being a novelty and reached the stage of full-scale practical use, and in Japan from the 1960s onwards after the Second World War. [Sado Victory] compositionA vending machine is made up of a currency device (comprising a sorting, counting and change device), an instruction device (control device), a storage and processing device and a vending device. The currency device is the heart of the vending machine, and it determines the authenticity of inserted currency, sorts the denomination, counts the amount and gives change as necessary. The checkpoints for authenticity determination are diameter, thickness, weight and material for coins, and a comprehensive determination is made for banknotes by combining external factors such as length and width with banknote-specific factors such as portrait, pattern, watermark and printing ink color. In the case of a card system, the card is verified and the amount is confirmed. The instruction device issues sales instructions when a product is selected with a push button. Some vending machines incorporate a voice response system (voice synthesis, voice recognition) instead of a push button. The storage and processing device stores products in various forms and processes them, such as cooking, as necessary. The vending device receives sales instructions and sends the selected product to the outlet. On the other hand, there is a "vending machine information management system" that develops these components as a whole. This system connects each installed vending machine to a computer at the sales base via a network, collecting sales information and malfunction information from the machine in real time, and aims to efficiently maintain the machine, deliver products, and replenish the machines, thereby identifying best-selling products and preventing lost sales opportunities due to products selling out or malfunctions. [Sado Victory] [Reference] |When a coin is inserted into the container at A and placed on the container at B, the weight of the coin opens the stopper at C, and the holy water in the container comes out. ©Shogakukan "> Heron's Holy Water Box Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
通貨(硬貨、紙幣)またはこれにかわるカードなどを挿入することによって、自動的に物品や情報、サービスを販売する機械。小売店の対面方式、スーパーマーケットのセルフサービス方式より一歩進んだ無人販売方式で、流通・販売部門での代表的な省力機械である。人手不足、人件費高騰の対応策として効果があり、休日・夜間も営業できる利点がある。ただし、同様に通貨で操作される機械として公衆電話機や娯楽機(ジュークボックス、ゲーム機など)もあるが、これらはその用途からみて自動販売機の範疇(はんちゅう)には含めない。日本での普及台数は1999年(平成11)現在で約550万台を数え、人口当りの普及率ではアメリカをしのいで世界第1位である。 [佐渡勝利] 種類大別すると物品自動販売機と自動サービス機に分けられる。おもな物品自動販売機としては飲料、食品、たばこ、券類、切手・葉書、新聞・雑誌、日用品・雑貨、そのほか各種物品の複合・併売自動販売機などがあり、情報、サービス自動販売機のなかには、就職情報自動販売機やパソコンソフト自動販売機がある。同様に自動サービス機としては、自動両替機、自動写真撮影機、コインロッカーなどがある。このほか、ユニークなものとしては「無人コンビニ」がある。店舗全体を自動販売機化したもので、陳列ケースタイプの大型自動販売機が並べられ、その中に約2000品目の商品が収容され、好みの商品番号を押すと、ロボットアームが作動し、商品を取出し口に運ぶ仕組みになっており、自動販売機の新しい可能性を広げるものとして注目されている。 [佐渡勝利] 歴史紀元前215年、エジプトの寺院に出現した聖水自動販売機が世界最古である。この機械はヘロンの発明ともいわれ、ドラクマ硬貨を入れるとその重みで栓が開き、数滴の水を出すという仕掛けであった。この種のアイデアはその後17世紀に入ってイギリスで復活し、広く欧米に伝わって、たばこ、切手、チューインガムなどの自動販売機の考案に生かされた。日本では、1888年(明治21)に俵谷高七(たわらやたかしち)の発明によるたばこ自動販売機が最初で、この機械は当時東京で開かれた内国勧業博覧会に出品され好評を博した。俵谷が考案したなかでもっとも有名な自動販売機は、1904年(明治37)に製作した木製の「自働郵便切手葉書売下機」で、全体が切手自動販売機と葉書自動販売機とポストの三機一体化形式のユニークなものであった。これは現在、東京・大手町の逓信(ていしん)総合博物館に陳列されている。歴史的にいうと1925年にアメリカのロウWilliam Roweが考案した異なった値段で多品種を売るたばこ自動販売機が近代自動販売機の始まりといわれているが、自動販売機がもの珍しさの段階を過ぎ、本格的な実用化段階を迎えたのは、欧米では1930年前後で、日本では第二次世界大戦後の1960年代以降である。 [佐渡勝利] 構成自動販売機の構成は、金銭装置(選別・計数・釣銭(つりせん)装置からなる)、指示装置(制御装置)、貯蔵・加工装置、販売装置からなる。金銭装置は自動販売機の心臓部分で、挿入された通貨の真偽判別、金種選別を行い、金額を計数し、必要に応じて釣銭を出す。真偽判別のチェックポイントは、硬貨については直径、厚み、重量、材質等で、紙幣については縦横寸法などの外形的要素と肖像、模様、すかし、印刷インキの色などの紙幣特有要素を組み合わせて総合判別する。カード方式の場合には、カードの照合判別、金額確認を行う。指示装置は、押ボタンで商品を選択すると、その販売指示を出す。押ボタンのかわりに音声による応答システム(音声合成、音声認識)を組み込んだものもある。貯蔵・加工装置は、商品を種々の形態で貯蔵し、必要に応じて調理等の加工を行う。販売装置は、販売指示を受けて選択された商品を取出し口へ送り出す。一方、このような構成機能を全体的に発展させるものとして、「自動販売機情報管理システム」がある。このシステムは実際に設置展開されている個々の自動販売機と営業拠点のコンピュータとの間をネットワークでつなぎ、機内の販売情報や故障情報などをリアルタイムで収集し、機械の保守や商品の配送、補充を効率的に行うことで、売れ筋商品の把握、売り切れや故障による販売機会の損失を防ぐことを目的としている。 [佐渡勝利] [参照項目] |Aから投入されたコインがBに載ると、その重さでCの栓が開き、容器中の聖水が出る©Shogakukan"> ヘロンの聖水箱 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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