Humidity measuring instrument. Usually used to measure relative humidity in percent. The measurement principle is as follows: (1) Psychrometer The drier the air, the faster water evaporates from the water surface. Psychrometers apply this principle. They measure the air temperature and the temperature drop caused by evaporation, and then apply an empirical formula to calculate humidity. Since the evaporation rate is affected by wind speed, a ventilation device is used to maintain a constant wind speed. Portable versions are called Assmann ventilated psychrometers, named after their inventor, the German meteorologist Assmann. They are simple to use and give good measurement values. (2) Dew point hygrometers: Air is cooled and the temperature at which the water vapor contained in it condenses is measured. A metal surface, where the presence or absence of condensation is easily determined, is cooled to determine the dew point temperature, and the corresponding saturated vapor pressure is calculated. A lithium chloride dew point hygrometer works by impregnating glass fiber or similar with an aqueous solution of lithium chloride, which is then heated by wrapping both poles of an electric heater around it. When the temperature is reached at which the vapor pressure of the air and the saturated vapor pressure of the lithium chloride are equal, the electrical resistance of the heater suddenly increases. The water vapor pressure in the air can be calculated from the temperature at this point. An instrument that uses alternating current for the heater and measures the air temperature and the temperature of the lithium chloride with a resistance thermometer such as platinum to record the dew point temperature was manufactured under the product name Dewcel and became widely used as a remote measurement hygrometer. (3) Hair hygrometers Materials such as cow's intestine and paper expand when they absorb moisture, and the most popular hygrometers that take advantage of this property are those that use the expansion and contraction of hair, including an indicating type called a polymeter and a recording type self-recording hair hygrometer. Hair is more sensitive when the humidity is low, but it has some drawbacks, such as different expansion and contraction rates when the humidity is high and low, and slow movement at low temperatures. It is a good idea to use it while comparing it with a ventilated psychrometric meter from time to time. (4) Carbon hygrometers and others: A special moisture-absorbing material containing fine carbon particles is applied to a substrate; as humidity increases, the spacing between the carbon particles increases, increasing electrical resistance. The absorption of light by water vapor varies depending on the wavelength, with infrared rays being easily absorbed. Infrared absorption hygrometers analyze the light that passes through the atmosphere and determine the amount of water vapor from the infrared intensity ratio. When air is sucked through a tube filled with phosphorus pentoxide, which has strong hygroscopic properties, moisture is removed, and the amount of water vapor absorbed can be determined from the weight of the phosphorus pentoxide. There are also hygrometers made from ceramics, whose electrical resistance changes depending on humidity. [Takeji Shinohara] [Reference item] |A portable psychrometer with a metal tube attached to the bulb to block sunlight ©Shogakukan "> Assmann ventilation psychrometric meter Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
湿度の測定器械。普通は%で表す相対湿度を対象にする。測定原理に基づいて述べると次のとおりである。 (1)乾湿計 水面からの水の蒸発は、空気が乾燥しているほど速い。乾湿計はこの原理を応用する。気温と、蒸発によって生じる温度低下を測定し、実験式を当てはめて湿度を計算する。蒸発速度は風速の影響を受けるので、一定風速を保つための通風装置が用いられる。携帯用は、発明者であるドイツの気象学者アスマンの名を冠してアスマン通風乾湿計とよばれる。簡便なわりによい測定値が得られる。 (2)露点湿度計 空気を冷却して、含まれる水蒸気が凝結する際の温度を測定する。結露の有無が判別しやすい金属面を冷却して露点温度を求め、これに対応する飽和蒸気圧を算定する。塩化リチウム露点湿度計は、ガラス繊維などに塩化リチウム水溶液をしみ込ませ、これに電気ヒーターの両極を巻き付けて加熱する。空気の蒸気圧と塩化リチウムの飽和蒸気圧とが一致する温度に達すると、ヒーターの電気抵抗が急に大きくなる。この際の温度から空気中の水蒸気圧が求められる。ヒーターに交流を用い、気温と塩化リチウムの温度を白金などの測温抵抗体を使って測定して露点温度を記録する測器はデューセルDewcelという商品名で製作され、遠隔測定用の湿度計として広く用いられるようになった。 (3)毛髪湿度計 ウシの腸膜や紙などは吸湿によって長さが伸びるが、そのような性質を利用していちばんポピュラーになったのは、毛髪の伸縮を利用した湿度計で、ポリメーターとよばれる指示型や、記録式の自記毛髪湿度計などがある。毛髪の感度は湿度が小さい場合ほどよいが、湿度が大きくなるときと小さくなるときで伸縮が異なったり、低温での動きが鈍いなどの欠点がある。ときどき通風乾湿計などと比較しながら使用するのがよい。 (4)カーボン湿度計その他 炭素の微粒子を入れた特殊な吸湿材を基板に塗ったもので、湿度が大きくなると炭素粒子の間隔が広くなり電気抵抗が増大する。水蒸気による光の吸収は波長によって異なり、赤外線は吸収されやすい。そこで、大気を通過した光を分光し、赤外線の強度比から水蒸気量を求めるのが赤外線吸収湿度計である。強い吸湿性をもつ五酸化リンを詰めた管を通して空気を吸引すると水分が除かれるので、五酸化リンの重量から吸収された水蒸気量がわかる。このほか、湿度によって電気抵抗値が変化するセラミックでつくった湿度計などもある。 [篠原武次] [参照項目] |球部に日射を遮る金属の筒をつけた携帯用乾湿計©Shogakukan"> アスマン通風乾湿計 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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