Paid vacation - Yuukyuukyuuka (English)

Japanese: 有給休暇 - ゆうきゅうきゅうか(英語表記)paid vacation
Paid vacation - Yuukyuukyuuka (English)

A system that allows workers to take paid leave as a right in addition to holidays so that they can live like human beings. It is also called annual paid leave. This right is abbreviated as annual leave right.

In response to the demands of labor movements in each country, paid vacation began to spread in the 1930s in developed Western countries. In 1936, the International Labor Organization (ILO) ratified Convention No. 56, which guaranteed a minimum of six days of paid vacation per year to those who had worked continuously for four years. After World War II, the ILO established a minimum of two weeks of paid vacation in Recommendation No. 98 in 1954, and a minimum of three weeks of paid vacation in Convention No. 132 in 1970. In developed countries, the two-day weekend system was established after World War II, and the movement intensified with a focus on demanding an expansion of paid vacation, leading to a remarkable expansion of paid vacation in the 1970s. Currently, in most developed countries, paid vacation of four to six weeks is established by law or labor agreement.

In Japan, Article 39 of the Labor Standards Act stipulates that employees who have worked continuously for one year and attended work on more than 80% of all working days are granted six days of leave per year, with one day added for each year thereafter, up to a maximum of 20 days, but a revision in 1987 extended the minimum number of days to 10 days (enforced in April 1988). A 1993 revision also shortened the period of continuous employment to six months. In this case, continuous employment means remaining enrolled, and in principle, it does not become an issue even if the employment status changes, for example, from fixed-term employment to regular employment.

In the case of part-time workers, employers must grant annual leave rights in proportion to the number of contracted working days, if the number of contracted working days is four days or less per week (216 days per year), and must grant annual leave of the same period as full-time employees to those who work five or more days per week or 30 or more hours per week.

(For example, France, Denmark, Sweden, and Luxembourg established a statutory minimum annual leave of five working weeks in the 1980s.) Moreover, due to strict personnel management by companies, even this paid leave is not fully utilized.

[Yoshio Yuasa]

[References] | International Labor Organization | Weekly holiday system | Labor Standards Act | Labor agreement | Working hours

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

労働者が人間らしく生きるために、休日以外に、権利として有給で休暇をとることができる制度。年次有給休暇ともいう。その権利を年休権と略す。

 各国の労働運動の要求によって、欧米の先進諸国では1930年代から普及し始める。このようななか、36年になると、国際労働機関(ILO)は、4年間継続して勤務した者に年間最低6日間の有給休暇を保障することを定めた条約56号を批准した。さらに、第二次世界大戦後になると、ILOは、54年に98号勧告で最低2週間の、さらに70年になると条約132号で最低3週間の有給休暇を定めている。先進諸国においては、第二次世界大戦後、週休2日制が確立するとともに、有給休暇の拡大に要求を集中して運動が強化されたため、1970年代に有給休暇の拡大が著しく進行した。現在ほとんどの先進国では法律か労働協約によって、4週間から6週間の有給休暇が確立している。

 わが国では、労働基準法第39条が、1年間継続して勤務し、全労働日の8割以上出勤した者に年間6日間、以後1年ごとに1日ずつ加算して、最高20日間まで付与することを定めていたが、1987年(昭和62)の改正により最低付与日数は10日間に延長された(88年4月施行)。また、1993年(平成5)の改正では、継続勤務の期間が短縮され、6か月となった。この場合の継続勤務とは、在籍することであり、たとえば有期雇用者から正規従業員に雇用形態が変わったとしても、原則として問題にならない。

 パートタイマーの場合、使用者は、契約労働日数が1週間あたり4日(年間216日)以下の者は日数に比例した年休権を与え、日数が1週間5日以上、もしくは時間数が1週間30時間以上の者には、正規従業員と同じ期間の年休を与えなければならない。

 わが国の水準は、ほかの先進諸国と比較して著しく低い(たとえば、フランス、デンマーク、スウェーデン、ルクセンブルクは、1980年代に5労働週の法定最低年休を規定した)。しかも、企業による厳しい要員管理のため、この有給休暇すら完全に消化されていないのが現状である。

[湯浅良雄]

[参照項目] | 国際労働機関 | 週休制 | 労働基準法 | 労働協約 | 労働時間

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