Animals that are raised, bred, and produced for a specific purpose and that are confirmed to have uniform quality in their reactions, are useful in research in biology, medicine, pharmacology, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry, psychology, and other fields. Wild and domestic animals are also used in experiments, so they are sometimes collectively called laboratory animals, but laboratory animals are often distinguished from wild and domestic animals in that they are genetically regulated and the environment in which they are raised is clearly defined. However, this distinction is not always clear, as efforts are being made to turn wild animals into laboratory animals. In the medical field, laboratory animals that can be extrapolated (applied to experimental results) to humans are often selected as animal models, and mammals are naturally often used. These include rats, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, dogs, and pigs. Other mammals that have been used as laboratory animals include monkeys (Japanese macaques, rhesus monkeys, crab-eating monkeys, marmosets), goats, and cats. Non-mammalian laboratory animals are also used in animal testing in a variety of academic disciplines, including chickens, quails, pigeons, frogs, fish, silkworms, flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, and ciliate protozoans. Laboratory animal science is the study of the genetics, upbringing, diseases, physiology, breeding, nutrition, management, and breeding facilities of laboratory animals, with the aim of establishing standards for laboratory animals and developing and improving animals suitable for laboratory use. Laboratory animals are required to be healthy, except for special purposes. For this reason, many kinds of animals are now germ-free. Mammalian pups are aseptically removed by Caesarean section and artificially reared in a sterile room. However, gnotobiotes, which are germ-free animals that have been administered specific microorganisms and colonized, are also used to examine the effects of normal bacteria such as E. coli. It is desirable for animals used in experiments to be free of infection, but this is difficult to achieve with normal facilities and management. Therefore, a method of maintaining specific pathogen-free animals, that is, animals that are free of specified microorganisms and parasites, but are not necessarily free of other pathogens, is often used. SPF animals are germ-free animals that are moved into SPF animal enclosures and allowed to come into natural contact with normal bacteria. These are considered to be normal laboratory animals, while laboratory animals raised in the traditional manner may come to be treated as animals with some kind of abnormality. [Seiichiro Kawashima] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物学、医学、薬学、獣医学、畜産学、心理学などの研究上有用であるとして、目的に沿うように育成、繁殖、生産され、その反応について均一の質をもつことが確かめられている動物をいう。野生動物や家畜も実験に用いられるので、これらをあわせて実験用動物とよぶことがあるが、実験動物は遺伝的規制がなされ、育成の環境も明確にされる点で、野生動物および家畜と区別されることが多い。しかしこの区別は、野生動物の実験動物化が努力されているので、かならずしも明確ではない。医学領域では、ヒトへの外挿(実験結果を当てはめてみること)を考察できる実験動物を動物モデルとして選択することが多く、必然的に哺乳(ほにゅう)類がよく用いられる。これらにはラット、マウス、モルモット、ハムスター、ウサギ、イヌ、ブタなどがある。そのほか、実験動物化の進んでいる哺乳類にはサル類(ニホンザル、アカゲザル、カニクイザル、マーモセット)、ヤギ、ネコなどがある。哺乳類以外の実験動物もさまざまな学問領域で動物実験に用いられ、これらにはニワトリ、ウズラ、ハト、カエル、魚類、カイコ、ハエ、カ、ゴキブリ、繊毛虫類が含まれる。 実験動物の基準をつくり、また実験動物として適した動物の開発、改良を目的として、その動物の遺伝、育成、疾病、生理、飼育、繁殖、栄養、管理、飼育施設などを研究する学問を実験動物学(または実験動物科学)という。実験動物は特殊な目的の場合を除けば健康であることが要求される。このために現在は多種の動物が無菌germfree化されている。哺乳類では帝王切開で無菌的に取り出した子を無菌室で人工哺育する。しかし、無菌動物に特定の微生物を投与、定着させた動物であるノトバイオートgnotobioteも用いられ、たとえば大腸菌のような常在菌の影響を調べたりする。実験に供する動物に感染がないのは望ましいが、通常の施設と管理ではむずかしい。そこで、(SPF動物specific pathogen free animal)すなわち、とくに指定された微生物や寄生虫のない動物、そして指定以外の病原体についてはかならずしもないとはいえない動物を維持する方式がとられる場合も多い。SPF動物は、無菌動物をSPF動物舎に移し、自然に普通の菌と接触させたもので、これが正常の実験動物と考えられ、従来の方式で飼育された実験動物はなんらかの異常をもった動物として扱われるようになる可能性もある。 [川島誠一郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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