The power of a parliament to investigate national affairs in order to effectively exercise its powers, especially its legislative power. It began in England (1689) with the rise of representative democracy, and was also called the power of inquiry. Whether or not it was explicitly stated in the constitution, it has been passed down to other countries as an essential element of parliament. The position of the power of investigation in the political system varies depending on the country and era, but it plays a major political role in countries with parliamentary democracies. In general, in countries with a parliamentary cabinet system, it is of great significance as a means of supervising the government. For example, a recent example in Japan is the investigation into aircraft imports by the Lockheed Special Committee, which became a major political issue. It can also be seen in the investigative activities of the Committee on Un-American Activities in the United States, which has a presidential system. Under the Meiji Constitution, the Imperial Diet was denied this power, and each House could only ask questions about the operation of national government through Ministers of State and government commissioners. However, the Constitution of Japan explicitly recognized this power in both Houses, and gave them the power to demand the appearance of witnesses and the submission of records as a means to that end (Article 62), with the ability to punish those who refused, making this a valid system. However, since this power is considered to be a supplementary power to effectively exercise legislative power and administrative supervision power, there are certain limitations on the objects and methods of investigative power, and in particular, it cannot infringe on the constitutional powers of other national institutions, such as the independence of the judiciary. A famous example of this is the Urawa incident of 1948 (Showa 23) (a debate was held among academics, the Diet, and the courts over a resolution by the House of Representatives' Judicial Affairs Committee that the sentence given to a mother who had killed her child and turned herself in was unduly light). With regard to prosecutorial power, since it is equivalent to judicial power, it is considered to be the same as the independence of judicial power, and in consideration of the confidentiality obligation of public officials, there are cases where investigations do not extend to administrative secrets, and it is said that investigations cannot be conducted in a way that violates the privacy of individuals. Local assemblies are also granted the right to investigate the affairs of local public entities in a similar manner. [Masaaki Ikeda] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
議院が、その権限とくに立法権を有効に行使するために、国政に関して調査を行う権能。代議制の勃興(ぼっこう)とともにイギリスに始まり(1689)、査問権ともよばれた。憲法に明文があると否とにかかわらず、議会の本質的要素として、各国に継受された。調査権の政治機構上占める地位は、各国・各時代によって相違があるが、議会制民主主義をとる国においては大きな政治的役割を果たしている。一般に議院内閣制をとる国家においては、政府に対する監督の手段として大きな意味をもち、たとえばわが国における近年の例としては、いわゆるロッキード特別委員会における航空機輸入に関する調査が大きな政治問題となった。また大統領制をとるアメリカにおいても「非米活動委員会」の調査活動にみられる。 明治憲法では、帝国議会はこの権能が否定され、各議院は国務大臣および政府委員を通じて、国政の運用を質問するだけであった。しかし、日本国憲法は、明文で両議院にこの権能を認め、かつその手段として証人の出頭証言、記録の提出を要求する権限を与え(62条)、その拒絶者に対しては処罰できることになったので、有効な制度となった。ただ、この権能は立法権や行政監督権を効果的に行使するための補助的権能であると考えられているので、調査権の対象や方法にも一定の限界があり、とくに他の国家機関の憲法上の権限、たとえば司法権の独立を侵すことができない。この点についての有名な例としては、1948年(昭和23)の浦和事件(子供を殺して自首した母親に対する量刑が不当に軽いとする衆議院法務委員会の決議をめぐって、学界・国会・裁判所の間で論議された)がある。検察権についても、それが司法権に準ずるところから、司法権の独立と同様に考えられているほか、公務員の守秘義務との関係を考慮して、行政秘密に対して調査が及ばないとされる場合があるし、個人のプライバシーを侵害してまで調査はできないといわれている。地方議会にも、これに準じた地方公共団体の事務調査権が認められている。 [池田政章] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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