Armadillo - Armadillo (English spelling)

Japanese: アルマジロ - あるまじろ(英語表記)armadillo
Armadillo - Armadillo (English spelling)

A general term for animals belonging to the Dasipodidae family of the order Dasipodinae in the class Mammalia. Members of the same family, Dasipodidae, have more developed teeth than other Dasipodidae families (Anteaters and Sloths), with 7-26 pairs in the upper jaw and 7-24 pairs in the lower jaw, but they have no roots and lack enamel, making them irreplaceable. They are the only mammals whose bodies are covered by a bony carapace. The carapace is divided into a shoulder and a lumbar carapace, and they are broadly divided into the subfamily Dasipodinae, which has 7-10 horizontal bands between them, and the subfamily Dasipodinae, which has one carapace and anal carapace. From North America to Patagonia in South America, 20 species in eight genera are known: three species in the genus Long-haired Armadillo, one species in the genus Six-banded Armadillo, one species in the genus Pityarum, one species in the genus Giant Armadillo, four species in the genus Scarlet Armadillo, two species in the genus Three-banded Armadillo, six species in the genus Nine-banded Armadillo, and two species in the genus Scarlet Armadillo. The largest species range from the Giant Armadillo (Priodontes giganteus) which has a body length of 75-100 cm and a weight of 30-60 kg, to the Scarlet Armadillo (Chlamyphorus truncatus) which has a body length of 12-15 cm and a weight of 80-100 grams.

They mainly live alone in dry grasslands and forests, and are omnivorous, eating ants, insects, earthworms, reptiles, grass roots, and animal carcasses. They are nocturnal and spend the day digging holes underground, with the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus digging holes 0.6 to 3.6 meters long underground. They are generally skilled at digging holes, and when attacked by an enemy, they will escape by digging a hole, but the three-banded armadillo Tolypeutus tricinctus extends its head, shoulder blades, girdle, pelvic blade, and tail to protect itself by forming a perfect sphere. They can also swim, and nine-banded armadillos have been observed to stay underwater for up to six minutes. They are not usually said to hibernate, but the small-sized hawk armadillo Chlamyphorus truncatus is said to do so. Reproduction is at a rate of 4-8 offspring per litter, but the development of eggs is unique; in the case of the nine-banded armadillo, only one egg is fertilized, which then divides into four embryos at a very early stage, and four offspring are born, meaning that the offspring are identical quadruplets.

Armadillos were originally called kyuyo (狰狳) or yoroinezumi (armored mouse), but this term is no longer used today.

[Masaru Saito]

[References] | Giant Armadillo | Shell | Nine-banded Armadillo | Little Armadillo | Dentate | Three-banded Armadillo

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

哺乳(ほにゅう)綱貧歯目アルマジロ科に属する動物の総称。同科Dasipodidaeの仲間は、貧歯目の他科(アリクイ科、ナマケモノ科)より歯が発達し、上あごに7~26対、下あごに7~24対あるが、歯根はなくエナメル質を欠き、不換性である。体が骨質の甲らで覆われている唯一の哺乳動物である。甲らは肩甲と腰甲に分かれ、この間に7~10枚の横帯のあるアルマジロ亜科と、1枚の背甲と臀(でん)甲に分けられるヒメアルマジロ亜科とに大別される。北アメリカから南アメリカのパタゴニアにかけ、ケナガアルマジロ属3種、ムツオビアルマジロ属1種、ピチアルマジロ属1種、オオアルマジロ属1種、スベオアルマジロ属4種、ミツオビアルマジロ属2種、ココノオビアルマジロ属6種、ヒメアルマジロ属2種の8属20種が知られている。大きなものではオオアルマジロPriodontes giganteusのように体長75~100センチメートル、体重30~60キログラムに達する種から、ヒメアルマジロChlamyphorus truncatusのように体長12~15センチメートル、体重80~100グラムほどのものまでみられる。

 乾燥した草原や森林におもに単独ですみ、雑食性でアリや昆虫、ミミズ、爬虫(はちゅう)類などのほかに草の根、動物の死体なども食べる。夜行性で日中は地下に穴を掘って過ごすこともあり、ココノオビアルマジロDasypus novemcinctusでは地下に長さ0.6~3.6メートルの穴を掘る。一般に穴を掘ることが巧みで、敵に襲われると穴を掘って逃げるが、ミツオビアルマジロTolypeutus tricinctusでは頭甲、肩甲、横帯、腰甲、尾を外に出し、完全な球状になって身を守る。泳ぐこともでき、ココノオビアルマジロでは6分間も水中に潜っていたことが観察されている。普通は冬眠することがないといわれているが、小形のピチアルマジロChlamyphorus truncatusでは冬眠することがあるという。繁殖は1産4~8子であるが、卵(らん)の発生は特異なもので、ココノオビアルマジロの場合、受精する卵は一つで、ごく初期に4個の胚(はい)に分かれ4頭が出産する。すなわち、生まれた子は一卵性の四つ子ということになる。

 アルマジロは古くはキュウヨ(犰狳)またはヨロイネズミ(鎧鼠)といったが、今日では使用されていない。

[齋藤 勝]

[参照項目] | オオアルマジロ | | ココノオビアルマジロ | ヒメアルマジロ | 貧歯類 | ミツオビアルマジロ

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