It is human cognitive activity that deals with physical nature, including living things, and is also the set of results of that activity. It has various branches depending on the very wide range of subjects and diverse methods. Natural science is also a highly complex social entity. J. D. Bernal once described natural science as a sum of five aspects: (1) as an institution (a social agency), (2) as a method, (3) as a cumulative body of knowledge, (4) as a major factor in the maintenance and development of production, and (5) as a powerful influence in shaping beliefs and attitudes toward the universe and toward human beings. Originally, human understanding of nature was born out of production activities and technology, but since the 19th century, natural sciences have become independent and grown into important social institutions by becoming more closely connected with production technology. In other words, in the 19th century, fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and earth sciences other than mechanics and astronomy became independent from natural history, which was primarily intended to describe and classify, and natural philosophy, which sought a philosophical system of understanding nature, and were recognized as natural science (English) and Naturwissenschaft (German). The extent of the social influence of natural science is being debated in various ways today, and there is a need to understand it in its entirety as a social entity, not just in terms of perception or thought. Although the term "science" is often used to mean natural science, the term "natural science" is used to distinguish it from humanities, social science, and technical science (agriculture, engineering, etc.). [Susumu Takayama] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物をも含む物質的自然を対象とする人間の認識活動であり、その成果のまとまりでもある。非常に幅広い対象および多様な手法に応じて、さまざまな分科をもつ。 自然科学は、また非常に複雑な社会的存在でもある。かつてJ・D・バナールは自然科学を次の五つの側面、すなわち、(1)一つの制度(社会的機関)として、(2)方法として、(3)累積的に伝承された知識として、(4)生産の維持と発展の主要な一要因として、(5)宇宙と人間に対する信条と態度を形成させる強力な影響力の一つとして、の総体であると述べた。 もともと生産活動や技術を源泉として人間の自然認識は生まれたが、19世紀以降、生産技術とより密接にかかわることによって自然科学が自立し、重要な社会的制度として成長してきた。すなわち19世紀に、力学や天文学以外の物理学、化学、生物学、地学といった分野が、記述や分類を主目的とした博物学(自然誌)や、自然についての哲学的認識体系を求める自然哲学から独立し、自然科学natural science(英語)、Naturwissenschaft(ドイツ語)としてのまとまりを認められるようになった。 さまざまな意味で自然科学の社会的影響力の大きさが論じられている現在、単なる認識や思想の側面だけではなく、社会的存在として全面的な理解が求められている。なお、「科学」という表現で自然科学を意味することも多いが、人文科学、社会科学、技術科学(農学、工学など)と区別する際に、とくに「自然科学」の表現を用いる。 [髙山 進] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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