Originally a Buddhist term, it is pronounced "sange." San is a transliteration of the Sanskrit word kama, and kai is a Chinese word that expresses the same meaning. Confession is the act of regretting one's sins and asking for forgiveness from gods, Buddhas, and other people, but it is not limited to Buddhism; similar acts exist in other religions as well, and are widely used in everyday language and commonly referred to as "zangge." [Noriaki Akaike] Repentance in BuddhismIn early Buddhism, there were two methods of repentance known as Fusatsu and Jishi. In Fusatsu, monks gather every two weeks to recite the precepts, count their sins, and voluntarily confess any sins they have committed and receive forgiveness. In Jishi, monks criticize each other and repent at the end of their summer retreat. Repentance is a practice for the monks themselves, but it also played an important role in controlling and unifying the sect. As Buddhism developed, various forms of repentance were established and the method was systematized in terms of doctrine. There are two types of repentance, three types of repentance, three grades of repentance, five types of repentance, and six roots repentance, and each method was practiced according to the sect or whether the monk or layperson was living. Five types of manners were established for monks to repent. (1) Remove the robe from your right shoulder, (2) place your right knee on the ground, (3) join your hands together, (4) bow to the feet of the great bhikkhu, and (5) tell the name of the sin you have committed. On the other hand, there are also differentiations in the meaning and content of repentance. For example, there is the distinction between repentance of deeds and repentance of reason, as mentioned in the three types of repentance. Repentance of deeds refers to repentance expressed in the actions of body, speech, and mind, and has almost the same meaning as in the ordinary repentance. Repentance of reason is repentance in which one dispels all delusions, realizes the emptiness of one's own mind's true nature, and knows that all sinful deeds also have no reality, thereby eliminating sins. A piece of writing expressing repentance is called a confession, and there are many different lengths, but the most famous is the abbreviated confession, which is the following verse of seven words and four lines: "All the evil deeds I have committed in the past are the result of beginningless greed, anger, and ignorance. They arise from my body, words, and mind. I now repent of them all." [Noriaki Akaike] Confession in ChristianityIn Christianity, the equivalent of repentance is confession, confession, or repentance. In Catholicism, confession is one of the sacraments, a ritual in which the baptized confess their sins to a confessor, receive forgiveness, and make amends. Catholics maintain that confession is different from repentance because confession is an act made toward God, not toward other people, and because it avoids exaggeration of emotion as much as possible. They say that the authority to forgive sins was given to the apostles and their successors, the bishops and priests, based on the words of Christ, "Receive the Holy Spirit: whose sins you forgive, they are forgiven them; and whose sins you retain, they are retained" (John 20:22-23). A small room for confession is set up in one corner of the church. On the other hand, Protestants reject the sacrament of confession, arguing that sins cannot be forgiven through confession or penance, and instead encourage personal, internal repentance. However, for believers seeking peace of mind, they recognize confession to a pastor as an aid to their faith. [Noriaki Akaike] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
元来は仏教用語で、「さんげ」と発音する。懺はサンスクリット語のkamaの音写、悔がその意味を表す漢語である。自分の犯した罪過を悔い、神仏や他人に赦(ゆる)しを乞(こ)う行為が懺悔であるが、仏教に限らず他の宗教にも類似の行為があり、日常用語としても広く使用され、「ざんげ」と通称されている。 [赤池憲昭] 仏教における懺悔初期の仏教では布薩(ふさつ)・自恣(じし)とよばれる懺悔法が行われていた。布薩は、半月ごとに比丘(びく)が集まり、戒を唱えて罪障を数え、犯した罪があれば自発的に告白し、赦しを受ける。自恣は、夏安居(げあんご)の終わりに、比丘が互いに批判しあい、各自が懺悔する方法である。懺悔は比丘自身の修行であるが、同時に教団としての統制と一元化を図るうえで重要な役割を果たした。仏教の発展に伴い、懺悔法も各種の形式が整えられ、教理的にも体系化されてゆく。種別としては、二種懺悔、三種懺悔、三品(さんぽん)の懺悔、五種懺悔、六根懺悔などがあり、宗派別ないし出家・在家別に応じてそれぞれの方式が実践された。比丘が懺悔を行う場合には五種の作法が定められた。(1)右肩の法衣(ほうえ)を脱ぎ、(2)右膝(ひざ)を地につけ、(3)合掌し、(4)大比丘の足に礼し、(5)犯した罪の名を告げる。一方、懺悔の意味内容のうえでも分化がみられた。たとえば、三種懺悔のいう事懺(じさん)と理懺(りさん)の区別である。事懺は、身・口(く)・意の行為に表される懺悔をさし、通常の意味とほぼ同じもの。理懺は、いっさいの妄想を払い、自己の心の本性の空寂(くうじゃく)を悟ることによって、すべての罪業(ざいごう)もまた実相のないものと知り、罪を消滅する懺悔である。 懺悔の意を述べる文を懺悔文といい、長短各種のものがあるが、もっとも有名なものが略懺悔であり、次の七言四句の偈(げ)である。「我昔所造諸悪業、皆由無始貪瞋癡、従身語意之所生、一切我今皆懺悔」(われ昔より造れる諸の悪業は、皆無始の貪(どん)・瞋(しん)・癡(ち)による。身と語と意より生ずるところなり。一切をわれ今皆懺悔したてまつる)。 [赤池憲昭] キリスト教における懺悔キリスト教で懺悔にあたる語は、告解(こっかい)、告白、悔改(くいあらた)めなどである。カトリックでは告解は秘蹟(ひせき)の一つで、受洗者が聴罪司祭に罪を告白して赦しを受け、償いを果たす儀式をいう。告解は、人ではなく、神に向かってなされる行為であること、また感情の誇張を極力退けるところから、告解と懺悔とは別であるというのがカトリック側の主張である。「聖霊を受けよ。あなたがたが許す罪は、だれの罪でも許され、あなたがたが許さずにおく罪は、そのまま残るであろう」(「ヨハネ伝福音書(ふくいんしょ)」20章22~23)というキリストのことばに基づき、使徒とその後継者である司教・司祭に罪を赦す権能が与えられたとしている。聖堂の一角には告解場の小部屋が設けられる。 他方、プロテスタントは、罪は告白や償いで赦されるものではないとして、告解の秘蹟を否定し、個人の内面的な悔改めを勧めたが、心の平安を求める信者については、牧師への告白を信仰への一助として認めている。 [赤池憲昭] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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