It is an interdisciplinary research field that aims to clarify old age or aging from various angles from various fields such as medicine, biology, psychology, sociology, and social welfare studies, and to present a perspective for comprehensively dealing with various specific problems in old age. From the perspective of medicine and biology, the nature of aging as a life phenomenon, the morphology of aging, the expression of functional metabolism, and mental aging such as senile dementia are studied, while from the perspective of psychology, issues such as intelligence, personality, sex, and death in old age are taken up as research topics. In the field of sociology (gerontological sociology), research subjects include the position of an aging society from the perspective of population problems, changes in social consciousness and social evaluation between the elderly, middle-aged, and young generations, problems of family, employment, housing, local environment, transportation systems, purpose in life, quality of life (QOL) in old age, and the actual situation and methodological issues of welfare responses to these problems. The difficulty in gerontology research is that old age cannot be uniformly defined as a certain age. Whether the problems faced by the elderly are physical, mental, or cultural, from any viewpoint, there are not only large individual differences but also regional specificities, making it difficult to discuss them in a uniform manner. In addition, even though it is simply called old age, its characteristics are not uniform, and there is also a problem in that even for an individual, there are gradual changes. In other words, even if it is theoretically possible to determine the subject of research, in reality there are many uncertainties, so the task of gerontology is to develop subjects and methods that link theory and reality. In addition, since interdisciplinary research that crosses medicine, biology, psychology, sociology, and social welfare is necessary, the interrelationships of each specialized field are called into question. Furthermore, unless research is conducted that integrates micro-perspectives such as clinical practice and nursing care with macro-perspectives such as public health, population, economics, and law, no results can be expected. In any case, gerontology is not only about studying the pathological process that leads to physiological death. Recently, gerontology research has been developed based on the understanding that old age is a "normal part of human life." It can be said that gerontology research has developed rapidly since the average life expectancy has increased, the birth rate has decreased, the aging of the population has reached a certain level, and problems related to old age have become apparent and diversified. In particular, there is no doubt that research in Japan, where the aging of the population is progressing at a rapid pace, is leading the world. There is no doubt that the importance of this field of study will increase not only in Japan but also around the world in the future. The International Gerontological Society was founded as an international academic society for gerontology in 1950, and in Japan, the Japan Gerontological Society was established in 1959, consisting of the Japan Geriatrics Society and the Japan Society of Gerontological Social Sciences. The 11th International Gerontological Congress was held in Tokyo in 1978, hosted by the Japan Gerontological Society. Subsequently, the Japanese Society for Basic Gerontology joined the Japan Gerontological Society in 1981, the Japanese Society of Geriatric Dentistry in 1991, the Japanese Society of Geriatric Psychiatry in 1999, and the Japanese Society for Care Management in 2003. The Japan Gerontological Society is currently made up of a total of six independent societies. [Muneichi Nasu and Takehiko Yoshikawa] "Gerontology - Its Issues and Considerations" by Tachibana Kakukatsu (1971, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "Handbook of Gerontology" edited by Hasegawa Kazuo and Nasu Soichi (1975, Iwasaki Academic Press)" ▽ "Gerontology " edited by Ota Kunio, Miura Yoshiaki, and Egami Nobuo (1976, Asakura Shoten)" ▽ "Introduction to Gerontology" edited by Yuzawa Yasuhiko (1978, Yuhikaku)" ▽ "The Path to a Creative Longevity Society - Proposals from Policy Gerontology" by Furuse Toru (1986, Chuohoki Publishing)" ▽ "The Science of Aging" by Jack Botwinik, translated by Murayama Saeko et al. (1987, Minerva Shobo)" ▽ "Encyclopedia of Gerontology" edited by Ichibankase Yasuko, Iriki Masamune, Kameyama Masakuni, and Hasegawa Kazuo (1989, Minerva Shobo)" ▽ "What is Aging? Rediscovering the View of Aging, by Mikio Mori (1989, Minerva Shobo)" ▽ "New Gerontology from the Age of 40: How to Live in the QOL Era, by Hajime Mizuno (1992, Labor Junposha)" ▽ "Introduction to Gerontology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, edited by Hiroshi Shibata, Hiroshi Haga, Hisao Nagata, and Wataru Furuya (1993, Kawashima Shoten)" ▽ "The Psychology of Aging: For a Fulfilling Old Age, by I. Stuart Hamilton, translated by Tadashi Ishimaru (1995, Iwasaki Academic Press)" ▽ "Reforming Attitudes to an Aging Society: An Introduction to Gerontology, edited by Reiko Sekiguchi (1996, Keiso Shobo)" ▽ "Geriatric Psychology, edited by Junko Shimonaka (1997, Baifukan)" ▽ "Introduction to Gerontology - For the future of elderly care" edited by Tanaka Kotaro and Tsuji Konao (1997, Nippon Hyoronsha)" ▽ "Encyclopedia of Gerontology" edited by Kita Toru and edited by Murakami Mototsune (1998, Nishimura Shoten)" ▽ "New Gerontology, 2nd Edition edited by Orimo Hajime, Yoshikawa Masami, Imahori Kazutomo, Harasawa Michiyoshi, and Maeda Daisaku (1999, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "A Concept of Educational Gerontology - Aging and Lifelong Learning" by Hori Kaoru (1999, Gakubunsha)" ▽ "Gerontology: A Specialized Basic Field of Standard Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy" by Ouchi Yoshiyoshi (2001, Igaku-Shoin)" ▽ "Aging and Society - A Gerontological Approach to Systems and Clinical Practice" edited by Hiyasui Yutaka (2002, Yuhikaku)" ▽ "Shepherd Gerontology: Aging, Physical Activity, and Health, by Roy J. Shepherd, supervised translation by Shibata Hiroshi, Shinkai Shoji, and Aoyagi Yukitoshi (2005, Taishukan Shoten)" ▽ "Textbooks on Gerontology, edited by Iijima Setsu and Toba Kenji (2006, Nanzando)" ▽ "Essentials of Gerontology: Understanding Aging, edited by Shibata Hiroshi, Nagata Hisao, and Sugisawa Hidehiro (2007, Kenpakusha)" ▽ "The Future of Gerontology: From Science to Care, edited by Iguchi Akihisa, 2nd edition (2008, Nagoya University Press)" ▽ "Revised New Social Gerontology: The Future of Senior Life, edited by Furuya Wataru and Ando Takatoshi, 2nd edition (2008, World Planning)" [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
老年あるいは老化を共通の研究課題として、医学、生物学、心理学、および社会学あるいは社会福祉学などの各分野から老年期を多面的に解明していくとともに、老年期における多様な具体的諸問題に総合的に対処するための視点の提示を目標とする学際的な研究領域である。医学・生物学の観点からは、生命現象としての老化の本質や老化の形態学、機能的な代謝面での発現形式、あるいはまた老人性痴呆(ちほう)を代表とする精神的老化などが研究され、心理学的観点からは、老年期の知能、性格、性、死の問題などが研究課題として取り上げられる。また社会学(老年社会学)の分野においては、人口問題論的観点からの高齢化社会の位置づけ、老・中・青の世代間の社会意識、社会的評価の変化や、老年期における家族、就労、住宅、地域環境、移送体系、生きがいやクオリティ・オブ・ライフquality of life=QOL(生活の質)の問題、およびそれらの問題に対する福祉的対応の実態と方法的課題などが研究対象とされている。 老年学研究のむずかしさは、老年期を一定の年齢をもって画一的に規定することができない点にあろう。高齢者が抱える問題のうち身体的・肉体的な問題にしろ、精神的・心理的問題にしろ、また社会的・文化的問題にしろ、いずれの観点からみても個人的差異が大きいばかりでなく地域的な特異性があり画一的に論じることは困難である。また、ひと口に老年期といっても、その特性は一様ではなく、一個人に関してみても段階的に変化するというところに存在する問題もある。すなわち、研究対象の確定は理論的には可能であるにしても、現実的にはかなり不確定な部分が大きいので、理論と現実とを結び付ける対象と方法の整備が老年学の課題となっている。また医学、生物学、心理学あるいは社会学また社会福祉学などを横断する学際的研究が必要であるために、各専門分野の相互関連性が問われることになる。またさらに臨床や介護などのミクロ的視点と公衆衛生や人口、経済、法律などのマクロ的視点を統合した研究がなされなければ成果は期待されない。 いずれにしても老年学は、生理的な死に至る病理過程を研究するのみではなく、最近では、老年期は「人間の生に伴う常態」であるという認識をもとに老年学研究が展開されるようになった。平均寿命が延び、子供の出生数が減少して、人口の高齢化が一定のレベルに達し、老年期に関連する諸問題が顕在化し多様化の様相をみせ始めてから急速に発展してきているといっていい。とりわけ、人口の高齢化が速い速度で進展している日本の研究が世界をリードしていることは間違いない。今後は、日本のみならず世界中でこの領域の学問の重要性はより高まっていくであろうことは疑いを入れない。なお、老年学の国際的な学会としては国際老年学会が1950年(昭和25)に結成され、日本においては、1959年に日本老年医学会、日本老年社会科学会からなる日本老年学会が発足した。また1978年の第11回国際老年学会は、日本老年学会が主催し東京で開かれた。その後、日本老年学会には、1981年に日本基礎老化学会、1991年(平成3)に日本老年歯科医学会、1999年に日本老年精神医学会、2003年に日本ケアマネジメント学会が加盟し、現在日本老年学会は計六つの独立した学会から構成されている。 [那須宗一・吉川武彦] 『橘覚勝著『老年学――その問題と考察』(1971・誠信書房)』▽『長谷川和夫・那須宗一編『Handbook老年学』(1975・岩崎学術出版社)』▽『太田邦夫・三浦義彰・江上信雄編『老年学』(1976・朝倉書店)』▽『湯沢雍彦編『老年学入門』(1978・有斐閣)』▽『古瀬徹著『創造的な長寿社会への道――政策老年学からの提案』(1986・中央法規出版)』▽『ジャック・ボトウィニク著、村山冴子他訳『老いの科学』(1987・ミネルヴァ書房)』▽『一番ケ瀬康子・入来正躬・亀山正邦・長谷川和夫編『老年学事典』(1989・ミネルヴァ書房)』▽『森幹郎著『老いとは何か――老い観の再発見』(1989・ミネルヴァ書房)』▽『水野肇著『40歳からの新老年学Q・O・L時代の生き方』(1992・労働旬報社)』▽『柴田博・芳賀博・長田久雄・古谷野亘編著『老年学入門――学際的アプローチ』(1993・川島書店)』▽『I・ステュアート・ハミルトン著、石丸正訳『老いの心理学――満ちたりた老年期のために』(1995・岩崎学術出版社)』▽『関口礼子編『高齢化社会への意識改革――老年学入門』(1996・勁草書房)』▽『下仲順子編『老年心理学』(1997・培風館)』▽『田中耕太郎・辻彼南雄編『老年学入門――これからの高齢者ケアのために』(1997・日本評論社)』▽『北徹監修、村上元庸編『老年学大事典』(1998・西村書店)』▽『折茂肇・吉川政己・今堀和友・原沢道美・前田大作編『新老年学』第2版(1999・東京大学出版会)』▽『堀薫夫著『教育老年学の構想――エイジングと生涯学習』(1999・学文社)』▽『大内尉義著『標準理学療法学・作業療法学 専門基礎分野 老年学』(2001・医学書院)』▽『冷水豊編著『老いと社会――制度・臨床への老年学的アプローチ』(2002・有斐閣)』▽『ロイ・J・シェパード著、柴田博・新開省二・青柳幸利監訳『シェパード老年学――加齢、身体活動、健康』(2005・大修館書店)』▽『飯島節・鳥羽研二編『老年学テキスト』(2006・南江堂)』▽『柴田博・長田久雄・杉澤秀博編『老年学要論――老いを理解する』(2007・建帛社)』▽『井口昭久編『これからの老年学――サイエンスから介護まで』第2版(2008・名古屋大学出版会)』▽『古谷野亘・安藤孝敏編著『改訂・新社会老年学――シニアライフのゆくえ』第2版(2008・ワールドプランニング)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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