Expected value - Kitaichi

Japanese: 期待値 - きたいち
Expected value - Kitaichi

When the outcome of a probability phenomenon is expressed as a number, the expected value is the magnitude of the number expected from a single trial. For example, there are 10,000 lottery tickets, of which there are 2, 10, and 100 winning tickets for the first prize of 100,000 yen, the second prize of 10,000 yen, and the third prize of 1,000 yen, respectively. Let's think about how much money someone who draws one of these tickets can expect to win. The odds of winning first, second, and third prizes are 2/10 4 , 10/10 4 , and 10 2 /10 4 , respectively, so

In other words, 40 yen can be thought of as the expected amount. In reality, there are only four options: 100,000 yen, 10,000 yen, 1,000 yen, or 0 yen. In reality, receiving 40 yen is impossible. The expected amount of 40 yen here means that if you were to draw this lottery many times, the average (arithmetic mean) per draw would be about 40 yen.

In general, let us assume that the random variable X takes the values ​​a1 , a2 , …, ak with probabilities p1 , p2 , …, pk ( p1 + p2 + … + pk = 1) (in the case of the lottery mentioned above, k = 4).

In this case, the expected value of X is defined as a 1 p 1 + ... + a k p k . In other words, the average value of a random variable is sometimes called the expected value.

[Shigeru Furuya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

確率現象の結果が数値で表されている場合、1回の試行の結果期待される数値の大きさを期待値という。たとえば、10000枚のくじのうち、1等10万円、2等1万円、3等1000円の当りくじがそれぞれ2枚、10枚、100枚含まれている。このくじを1枚引いた人はどれだけの金額が期待されるかを考えてみる。1等、2等、3等に当たるのはそれぞれ2/104、10/104、102/104の割合であるから

すなわち、40円が期待される金額と考えることができる。実際に受け取るのは10万円か1万円か1000円かまたは0円の四つの場合だけであって、40円受け取るということは現実にはありえない。ここで期待される金額が40円というのは、このくじを引くことを多数回繰り返すとすると、1回当りの平均(相加平均)が約40円であることを意味している。

 一般に確率変数Xがa1, a2,……, akという値をそれぞれp1, p2,……, pk(p1+p2+……+pk=1)という確率でとるものとする(前記のくじの場合はk=4で

である)。このときXの期待値はa1p1+……+akpkと定義する。すなわち確率変数の平均値のことを期待値ということもある。

[古屋 茂]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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