British chemical industrialist and inventor. Born in Sunderland. After an apprenticeship as a pharmacist, he joined the management of a chemical factory in Newcastle. In 1863, he invented a printing method using carbon, and in 1877, he improved and sold silver bromide gelatin photographic plates. Applying this further, he patented bromide photographic paper in 1879. In 1878, he also invented and sold an incandescent light bulb with a carbon filament, one year before Edison. In the process, he also discovered the principle of the nitrocellulose rayon manufacturing method, in which thread is drawn from a nitrocellulose solution and then denitrified to obtain fiber. This was later improved upon by Chardonnet and others, and developed into the rayon industry. He was knighted in 1904. [Wataru Kawanobe] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの化学工業家、発明家。サンダーランドの生まれ。薬剤師の徒弟を経て、ニュー・カッスルで化学工場の経営に参加した。1863年炭素を用いた印刷法を発明し、1877年写真用臭化銀ゼラチン乾板を改良して市販した。さらにこれを応用して、1879年ブロマイド印画紙の特許を得た。また1878年、エジソンよりも1年前に炭素フィラメントによる白熱電球を発明、市販した。この過程でニトロセルロース溶液から糸を引き、脱硝して繊維を得るニトロセルロース人絹製造法の原理もみいだした。これはのちにシャルドンネらによって改良され、レーヨン工業へと発展した。1904年ナイトに叙せられた。 [川野辺渉] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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