American linguist and anthropologist. Born in Germany, he moved to the United States at the age of five. He studied at Columbia University, worked at the National Museum of Canada and the University of Chicago, and became a professor at Yale University in 1931. He met F. Boas in his youth and learned of the new perspectives that could be gained through the recording and analysis of American Indian languages. He understood linguistics as a social science and believed that languages do not exist apart from culture. He stated that language and culture are closely related in origin, but that because language changes slowly, the relationship tends to weaken over time, denying the strict correspondence between linguistic forms and culture, but he did not deny the relationship. He also focused on the function of linguistic symbols as a gap in habitual thinking, and placed importance on overt linguistic symbols as a manipulative means for dealing with the latent unconscious. This led to valuable ideas about the relationship between language and personality. Sapir's argument on the relationship between language and thought is similar to the ideas of Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941), who was influenced by Sapir and developed an original theory of language, and so later scholars have dubbed it the "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis," which has sparked many interdisciplinary debates. He also raised the level of research in phonetics, explored the structure and typology of language, and adopted the research methods of historical linguistics and comparative linguistics. [Michiko Arima June 19, 2018] "Language: A Study of Language" by Edward Sapir, translated by Hisanosuke Izumi (1957, Kinokuniya Shoten) "Language, Culture, and Personality" by Edward Sapir, translated by Mikio Hirabayashi (1983, Hokusei-do Shoten) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの言語学者、人類学者。ドイツで生まれ、5歳のときアメリカに渡った。コロンビア大学に学び、カナダ国立博物館、シカゴ大学を経て、1931年エール大学の教授になった。若き日にF・ボアズに出会い、アメリカ・インディアン諸言語の記録と分析を通じて得られる新しい展望を知った。社会科学としての言語学という把握を行い、各言語は文化を離れては存在しないと考えた。言語と文化は起源的には密接な関係にあるが、言語は変化が緩やかなために、時とともにその関係は薄くなっていく傾向にあると述べて、言語形式と文化との厳密な対応関係を否定したが、その関連性を否定したのではない。また、習慣的な思考の溝としての言語記号の働きに注目するとともに、潜在的な無意識を扱うための操作的手段としての顕在的な言語記号を重視した。このことから、ことばと人格の関係についても貴重な考えを示した。言語と思考の関係についてのサピアの主張は、彼の影響を受けながら独創的な言語論を築いたB・L・ウォーフBenjamin Lee Whorf(1897―1941)の考えと類似しているため、後年の学者によって「サピア‐ウォーフの仮説」とよばれ、多くの学際的議論をよんできた。彼はまた、音声学の研究水準を高め、言語の構造と類型の探究を行い、歴史言語学、比較言語学の研究方法をも取り入れた。 [有馬道子 2018年6月19日] 『エドワード・サピーア著、泉井久之助訳『言語――ことばの研究』(1957・紀伊國屋書店)』▽『エドワード・サピア著、平林幹郎訳『言語・文化・パーソナリティ』(1983・北星堂書店)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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