Dutch interpreter - Dutch interpreter

Japanese: オランダ通詞 - オランダつうじ

In the Edo period, they were officials who worked as both interpreters and customs officials in trade with the Netherlands. They were first based in Hirado, and moved to Nagasaki after 1640. In 1656, the ranks of dai-tsuji and ko-tsuji were established, and in 1696, a Dutch interpreter inspector was appointed. The ranks and organization were improved, and under one inspector, there were several dai-tsuji, ko-tsuji assistant, ko-tsuji rank, ko-tsuji rank, ko-tsuji rank, training interpreter, and internal interpreter, and the number of such people reached about 140 by the end of the Edo period. The position of interpreter was hereditary, and the Nishi, Shizuki, Yoshio, Motoki, and Narabayashi families were famous (→ Shizuki Tadao, Motoki Yoshinaga, Moriyama Takichirō). At first, this was limited to interpreters and they were forbidden to read Western books, but this was relaxed around the Kyoho era (1716-1736), and many of them gained knowledge of Western sciences from the doctors at the Dutch trading post, becoming pioneers in the import of Western learning. The Dutch called an interpreter a "tolk" and a group of interpreters a "tolkencollegie."

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

江戸時代，オランダとの貿易事務において通訳と税関吏とを兼ねた役人。初め平戸におかれ，寛永 17 (1640) 年以後長崎に移った。明暦2 (56) 年，大通詞，小通詞の階級を，元禄9 (96) 年にはオランダ通詞目付をおくなど階級，組織が整備され，1人の目付の下に大通詞，小通詞，小通詞助，小通詞並，小通詞末席，稽古通詞，内通詞などがそれぞれ若干名ずつおかれ，その数は幕末には約 140人に達した。通詞は世襲で，西，志筑，吉雄，本木，楢林などの諸家は有名 (→志筑忠雄 ,　本木良永 ,　森山多吉郎 ) 。最初は通訳だけに限られ，洋書を読むことは禁じられていたが，享保年間 (1716～36) 頃から緩和され，オランダ商館の医師について西洋の諸科学の知識を得，洋学輸入の先駆となったものも多い。オランダ人は通詞のことを tolkといい，通詞仲間のことを tolkencollegieと称した。

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