Lay person - Zaike

Japanese: 在家 - ざいけ

〘 noun 〙 ("ke" is the Go-on pronunciation of "family") 1. To convert to Buddhism while remaining a layperson and not becoming a monk. Also, the family or person involved. ※Konjaku (around 1120) 1: "When I first became a layperson , I took as my wife a beautiful and graceful woman from Gotenjiku." ※Genpei Seisuiki (early 14th century) 1: "What kind of law is this that a layperson of this kind follows, and is entrusted with the benefit of the world ?" [The Lotus Sutra - Anrakugyobon] 2. A private home. A house in a village. A house in the countryside. A house. ※Koyasanhon Heike (early 13th century) 5: "He used a broken pine tree as a shield and set fire to the layperson 's house." 3. (Derived from "house in a village" or "private home") A unit of measurement established in the Middle Ages to collect taxes known as lay duties. It includes not only houses, but also attached fields and farmers. There are many examples of this in underdeveloped regions such as Kanto, Tohoku and Kyushu. At first, they had strong characteristics of slavery, being subject to sale and transfer as the lord's property, but gradually they strengthened their independence based on cultivation rights and other factors. From the end of the Kamakura period to the Nanboku-cho period, stratification progressed, and small branch families of lay families (side families) were separated from influential lay families ( main families). [Iwashimizu Tanaka family documents - September 15, 1116 (Enkyu 4)] * Chinkaishu (1536), Article 82: "The tenpaku of a single lay family will not tread on the Narahino saike."

Zaika [lay person]

A rural house.

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙 (「け」は「家」の呉音)① 出家しないで在俗のまま仏教に帰依すること。また、その家や人。※今昔（1120頃か）一「始め在家(ざいけ)の時、五天竺の中に形勝れて端正无限(かぎりな)き女を妻として」※源平盛衰記（１４Ｃ前）一「如何なる法か、加様の在家(ざいケ)の者の行ひ奉り、掲焉(けつえん)の利生に預かる事候」〔法華経‐安楽行品〕② 民家。在郷の家。田舎の家。ざいか。※高野本平家（１３Ｃ前）五「楯をわりたい松にして在家(ザイケ)に火をぞかけたりける」③ (在郷の家、民家から転じて) 中世、在家役と称される課役を徴収するために定められた単位。住屋のみならず、付属の田畠と農民を含む。関東・東北・九州などの後進地域にその実例が多い。はじめは領主の財産として売買譲渡の対象となるなど隷属性の強い場合もあったが、次第に耕作権などをもとに自立性を強めた。鎌倉末期から南北朝期には階層分化が進んで有力在家（本在家）から分家的な小在家（脇在家(わきざいけ)）を分出した。〔石清水田中家文書‐延久四年（1116）九月一五日〕※塵芥集（1536）八二条「在家一けんのうちのてんはく、ならひのさいけにふみそへ候事」