A large mountain range in western China that borders the north of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the south of the Tarim Basin. It stretches 2,500 km from the southeastern corner of the Pamir Plateau to the western edge of the Sichuan Basin, running in an arc from east to west. It is a folded mountain range formed by mountain building in the Paleozoic era, with peaks over 5,000 meters above sea level and 7,000 meters in the central and western parts. Although it is located in an arid climate area, the perpetual snow and glaciers in the alpine zone act as natural reservoirs, giving rise to many oasis settlements. The western region, from where it branches off from the Pamir Plateau at around 75 degrees east longitude to the source of the Yurungkas River, first heads southeast, then east-southeast. The Kongur mountain range west of the Yarkand River includes Mount Kongur (7,719 meters), Kongur Kubetsu Peak (7,595 meters), and Mount Muztakuata (7,546 meters). The central region stretches for about 600 kilometers to the mouth of the Karamlan Mountains at 87 degrees east longitude, and the ridgeline that splits into two, north and south, spreads out over a width of 180 kilometers. The altitude is around 6,500 meters. The Altun Mountains, a branch of the Kunlun Mountains, branch off to the east-northeast, and the Kunlun Mountains are divided into three mountain ranges: the Chimantag in the north, the Arko in the center, and the Khofsir in the south, with numerous lake basins with inland drainage basins scattered between them. The two northern and central ranges join near 94 degrees east longitude to form the Burhan Budai Range, which then forms the Amnematin Range, running east-southeast, and the Bayinhar Range to the south. The main peak, Mount Urumstako (6,973 meters), rises in the western part of the Arko Range, and the rest of the range is generally around 5,000 meters in altitude. The longitudinal valley, which runs east-west, is wide and plateau-like. The Qaidam Basin spreads out to the north of the Cimantag Range, and the Yellow River originates at the northern foot of the Bayinhar Range, and the source of the Yangtze River flows at the southern foot. The long and vast Kunlun Mountains are dotted with grasslands that can be used for livestock grazing in the short summer in their wide valleys, but as a whole, they are a world that does not allow human habitation. In the west, there is the Zhongba Highway that crosses the Hunjirabtawan Pass, and the New Tibet Highway that crosses the Qitai Pass, while in the east, there is the Qinghai-Tibet Highway that crosses the Kunlun Mountain Pass, and the Xining-Yushu Line that crosses the Oura Mountain Pass and the Bayinhar Mountain Pass, connecting the north and south of Kunlun. This mountain range was revealed by explorers such as Przhevalsky and Hedin after the last quarter of the 19th century. In 1911 (Meiji 44), Tachibana Zuicho of the Otani Expedition of Nishi Honganji Temple was the first Japanese to explore this mountain range. [Toshiaki Sakai] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中国西部、青蔵高原の北を限り、タリム盆地の南を縁どる大山脈。パミール高原南東隅から四川(しせん/スーチョワン)盆地西縁まで延長2500キロメートル、弧を描きながら東西に連なる。古生代の造山運動によって生じた褶曲(しゅうきょく)山脈で、標高5000メートル以上、中部と西部には7000メートル峰がある。乾燥気候地域にあるが、高山帯の万年雪と氷河は天然の貯水池として、多くのオアシス集落を成立させる。 東経75度付近のパミール高原から分かれる所からユルンカシ川源流までの西部地区は、初め南東へ、ついで東南東へ向かう。ヤルカンド河以西のコングル山群にはコングル山(7719メートル)、コングル九別峰(7595メートル)、ムズタクアタ山(7546メートル)がそびえる。中部地区は東経87度のカラムラン山口までの約600キロメートルで、南北2条に分かれる稜線(りょうせん)は幅180キロメートルに広がる。高度は6500メートル前後である。支脈のアルトゥン山脈が東北東へ分岐し、崑崙山脈は北のチマンタグ、中央のアルコ、南のホフシルの3山脈に分かれ、それらの間に内陸流域をもつ湖沼盆地が多数散在する。北と中央の2条は東経94度付近で合流してブルハンブダイ山脈となり、アムネマチン山脈となって東南東へ連なり、南はバインハル山脈が続く。アルコ山脈西部に主峰ウルムスタコ山(6973メートル)がそびえるほかは、高度は一般に5000メートル前後である。東西方向に流れる縦谷は幅が広く、高原状を呈する。チマンタグ山脈の北側にはチャイダム盆地が広がり、バインハル山脈の北麓(ほくろく)から黄河(こうが/ホワンホー)が源を発し、南麓には揚子江(ようすこう/ヤンツーチヤン)の源流が流れる。 長大な崑崙山脈は、その広い谷間には短い夏の間、家畜の放牧に利用できる草地が点在するが、全体としては人間の居住を許さない世界である。西部にはフンジラブタワン(峠)を越す中巴(ちゅうは)公路と、奇台峠を越す新蔵公路があり、東部に崑崙山口(峠)を越す青蔵公路、オウラ山口とバインハル山口を越す西寧(せいねい/シーニン)―玉樹(ぎょくじゅ/ユイシュー)線があり、崑崙の南北を結んでいる。この山脈については19世紀の最後の四半期以後、プルジェバリスキーやヘディンらの探検家によって明らかにされた。また1911年(明治44)西本願寺の大谷探検隊の橘瑞超(たちばなずいちょう)が日本人として初めてこの山脈の探検に踏み込んだ。 [酒井敏明] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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