A state system and concept with a fixed territory and the people as sovereign. It refers to modern states formed by the people taking the place of the monarch as sovereign in criticism of absolute monarchy, as seen in the English Revolution of the 17th century and the French Revolution of the 18th century, or states formed on the model of such modern states. In the modern state system, citizens have various rights as sovereigns, but at the same time, they are also obligated to pay taxes, do military service, and receive an education. In the process of forming a nation-state, citizens form a sense of belonging as members of the nation (national identity) through controls such as singing the national anthem, saluting the flag, and standardizing the language. The nation-state was unified on the premise of the homogeneity of its people. The construction of a homogeneous and fixed subjectivity of the nation-state created an oppressive and exclusive reality for language and culture that could only be hybrid, as well as for minorities who deviated from it. As a result, the contradictions that had been latent in the nation-state and the problems that had been hidden became apparent. In particular, in the wake of the independence of former colonies after World War II and the subsequent rapid globalization that followed the collapse of the Cold War system, critical re-examination of the nation-state is being carried out. In the fields of social science and cultural studies, work is being carried out to analyze issues such as what cultural and political devices gave rise to a homogeneous "imagined community" called the nation, why the nation is taken for granted as a community that maintains a certain past, tradition, and culture based on language and ethnicity, even though it is a historical construct, and why the formation of a nation is accompanied by social discriminatory structures such as racism, sexism, xenophobia, and class. In 1983, Benedict Anderson's Imagined Community, the forerunner of this theory of the nation-state, was published. The book presented the social structure and mechanisms by which the creation of modern novels, which emerged as a result of the secular language revolution during the transition to modern society, and their distribution through publishing capitalism contributed to the creation of national languages, and by which a collective identity of the nation was formed through the sharing of language and publishing culture. In Nation and Nationalism , also published in 1983, author Ernest Gellner (1925- ) pointed out that nationalism is "a political principle that seeks the unity of political units and ethnic (cultural) units," and explained the emergence of nationalism by saying that only the nation can carry out "industrialization," popularize advanced "literacy" to meet the demands of industrial society, and establish an education system at great cost. Other works that discuss the nation-state include The Invention of Tradition (1983), edited by Eric Hobsbawm, which approaches the nation-state from a historical perspective and points out that traditions that symbolize concrete images of people, states, and ethnicities are also nothing more than products of the formation of the modern nation-state; and Race , Nation, Classe (1988), co-authored by Étienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, which discusses the creation of nations as "imagined communities" and the formation of nations from the perspective of the functional relationship between race, nationality, and class entities and capitalism. However, the illusion and insubstantiality of the "nation-state" are fully acknowledged even by conservative thinkers and researchers who talk of returning to tradition and history. In questioning the "nation-state," globalization is not only seen in the formation of a cosmopolitan elite with free mobility and the establishment of borderless networks by immigrants who support urban infrastructure, but also in administrative policies such as tourism that emphasize one's own historical and cultural uniqueness in order to win the competition between countries and cities, and work is being done to understand globalization from a complex perspective and to segment the mutually contradictory effects. As the illusion and insubstantiality of the "nation-state" are revealed and the movement of global capital progresses, nations are being called upon to play different functions than they have in the past. [Tomoko Shimizu] Invented Traditions, edited by Eric Hobsbawm, translated by Maekawa Keiji et al. (1992, Kinokuniya Shoten) ▽ Stillborn Japanese Language and the Japanese, by Sakai Naoki (1996, Shinyosha) ▽ Deconstructing Nationality, edited by Sakai Naoki et al. (1996, Kashiwa Shobo) ▽ What is a Nation?, by E. Renan et al., translated by Ukai Satoshi et al. (1997, Inscript) ▽ Imagined Communities, by Benedict Anderson, translated by Shiraishi Saya and Shiraishi Takashi (1997, NTT Publishing) ▽ Race, Nation, Class: Shaking Identities, by Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, translated by Wakamori Akiteru et al. (1997, Omura Shoten) ▽ The Scope of Nation-State Theory, by Nishikawa Nagao (1998, Kashiwa Shobo) "Nation-States and Nationalism" by Minoru Tanigawa (1999, Yamakawa Publishing)" ▽ "Loving Your Country: A Debate on the Limits of Patriotism" edited by M. Nussbaum, translated by Nobutomo Tatsumi and Genichi Nogawa (2000, Jinbun Shoin)" ▽ "Ernest Gellner, Ethnic Groups and Nationalism" supervised by Setsu Kato (2000, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "50 Masterpieces of Nationalism" edited by Masayuki Osawa (2002, Heibonsha)" ▽ "Crossing Borders" by Nagao Nishikawa ▽ "Philosophy of Identity and Coexistence" by Kohei Hanasaki (all Heibonsha Library)" ▽ "Tom Nairn, The Breaking-up of Britain; Crisis and Neo-nationalism (1977, NLB, London)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
確定した領土をもち国民を主権者とする国家体制およびその概念。17世紀のイギリス市民革命、18世紀のフランス革命にみられるように、絶対王制に対する批判として君主に代わって国民が主権者の位置につくことにより形成された近代国家、あるいはその近代国家をモデルとして形成された国家を指す。近代の国家システムのなかで、国民は主権者としてのさまざまな権利を有すると同時に、納税、兵役、教育の義務を担うことになる。また国民国家の形成過程において、国民は、国歌の斉唱や国旗への敬礼、言語の標準化等の統制を通して、国家の一員としての帰属意識(国民的アイデンティティ)を形成していく。 国民国家は、国民の同質性を前提として統合された。国民という均質で固定された主体性の構築は、他方で雑種的でしかありえない言語や文化、またそこから逸脱する少数者に対して抑圧的、排他的な現実をつくり出した。その結果国民国家に潜在化していた矛盾や隠蔽してきた諸問題が露呈していくことになる。とりわけ、第二次世界大戦以降の旧植民地国の独立、またその後の冷戦体制の崩壊による急速なグローバル化のなかで、国民国家の批判的な問い直しが行われている。社会科学や文化研究の領域では、どのような文化・政治的装置によって国民という均質的な「想像の共同体」が現れたのか、国民は歴史的な構築物であるにもかかわらず、なぜ言語や民族によって一定の過去、伝統、文化を保持するものとして自明視されたのか、なぜ国民の形成が人種主義や性差別、外国人恐怖、階級といった社会的な差別構造を伴うのかといった事柄を分析する作業が進められている。 1983年には、こうした国民国家論の嚆矢となる、ベネディクト・アンダーソンの『想像の共同体』Imagined Communityが登場した。同書は、近代社会への移行期に登場した世俗語革命による近代小説の成立と出版資本主義によるその流通が国家語の成立に寄与し、言語と出版文化の共有を通じて国民という集団的なアイデンティティが形成されていく社会編成と機制を提示した。同じく83年に出版された『民族とナショナリズム』Nation and Nationalismで、著者アーネスト・ゲルナーErnest Gellner(1925― )は、ナショナリズムを「政治的単位と民族的(文化的)単位の一致を求める一つの政治的原理」であると指摘し、「産業化」と、産業社会の要請に応える高度な「識字能力」の一般化、巨大なコストをかけた教育システムの整備を行えるのは国家しかないと、ナショナリズムの発生を説明した。国民国家を論じたものとしてはほかに、歴史的な観点からアプローチし、国民、国家、民族の実定的なイメージを象徴する伝統もまた近代国家形成期の産物にほかならないと指摘したエリック・ホブズボーム編著の『創られた伝統』The Invention of Tradition(1983)、人種、国民、階級の構成体と資本主義との機能的関連から「想像の共同体」としての民族の創出、国民の形成を論じたエティエンヌ・バリバール、イマニュエル・ウォーラーステインの共著『人種・国民・階級』Race, Nation, Classe(1988)などがある。 しかし、「国民国家」の幻想性、実体のなさは、伝統や歴史への回帰を語る保守的な思想家、研究者の側も十分に認めるものとなっている。また、「国民国家」の問い直しにおいては、自由な移動が可能なコスモポリタンなエリートの形成、都市のインフラストラクチャーを支える移民たちによる国境を越えたネットワークの確立という点でのグローバル化だけではなく、国家間、都市間の競争に勝ち抜くために自らの歴史的、文化的固有性を強調する観光等の行政政策と併せて、複合的な視点からグローバル化をとらえ、相互に矛盾する効果を分節化していく作業も行われている。「国民国家」の幻想性、実体のなさが露呈され、グローバルな資本の動きが進行するなかで、国家はこれまでとは違った機能を担うことが求められている。 [清水知子] 『エリック・ホブズボウム編著、前川啓治ほか訳『創られた伝統』(1992・紀伊國屋書店)』▽『酒井直樹著『死産される日本語・日本人』(1996・新曜社)』▽『酒井直樹ほか編『ナショナリティの脱構築』(1996・柏書房)』▽『E・ルナンほか著、鵜飼哲ほか訳『国民とは何か』(1997・インスクリプト)』▽『ベネディクト・アンダーソン著、白石さや・白石隆訳『想像の共同体』(1997・NTT出版)』▽『エティエンヌ・バリバール、イマニュエル・ウォーラーステイン著、若森章照ほか訳『人種・国民・階級――揺らぐアイデンティティ』(1997・大村書店)』▽『西川長夫著『国民国家論の射程』(1998・柏書房)』▽『谷川稔著『国民国家とナショナリズム』(1999・山川出版社)』▽『M・ヌスバウム編、辰巳伸知・能川元一訳『国を愛するということ――愛国主義(パトリオティズム)の限界をめぐる論争』(2000・人文書院)』▽『アーネスト・ゲルナー著、加藤節監訳『民族とナショナリズム』(2000・岩波書店)』▽『大澤真幸編『ナショナリズム論の名著50』(2002・平凡社)』▽『西川長夫著『国境の越え方』』▽『花崎皋平著『アイデンティティと共生の哲学』(以上平凡社ライブラリー)』▽『Tom NairnThe Breaking-up of Britain; Crisis and Neo-nationalism(1977, NLB, London)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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