National Convention (English: Convention nationale)

Japanese: 国民公会 - こくみんこうかい（英語表記）Convention nationale

The Constituent Assembly (September 21, 1792 - October 26, 1795) which followed the Legislative Assembly. It is usually divided into three periods. (1) Girondist Convention (September 21, 1792 - June 2, 1793) The Girondists were on the right wing, the Mountain faction of M. Robespierre, G. Danton, and J. Marat on the left, and the Plain faction in the middle. The conflict between the Girondists and the Mountain faction intensified immediately after the declaration of the First Republic, and the trial of King Louis XVI in particular made the fight between the two sides impossible to compromise. The execution of the King (January 21, 1793) led most of Europe to enter a state of war with France, and an economic crisis occurred within the country, leading to riots by the Anragées (extremists) in Paris, and a large-scale counter-revolutionary civil war by royalists broke out in the Vendée. Faced with the incompetence of the Girondists, many republicans switched to the Mountain faction. Between the end of May and June 2, 1793, the Girondists were expelled from the Convention. (2) The Montagne Convention (June 2, 1793 - July 27, 1794) In the midst of the revolutionary crisis, the Montagne aimed to carry out a bourgeois democratic revolution with the support of the people. The Constitution of the First Year of the Republican Calendar (Montagne Constitution), adopted in June 1793, stipulated the essential characteristics of democracy, and the decree of July 17th stipulated the abolition of the feudal system without compensation. On the other hand, the fall in the value of Assyria paper money deepened the food crisis, so in July they promulgated a law banning hoarding, and in September they promulgated a law imposing maximum prices on the necessities of life. However, after the retreat of the Republican army on all the borders, the Vendée rebellion showed new progress, and Marat was assassinated (July), the dictatorship of the Committee of Public Safety and the Revolutionary Tribunal were strengthened in order to overcome the domestic and international crisis, and the Reign of Terror was carried out until the downfall of Robespierre on the 9th of Thermidor (July 27, 1894). (3) Thermidorean Convention (July 28, 1894 - October 26, 1895) With the collapse of the Montagne rule, the political dominance of the bourgeoisie was re-established. The political reaction was accompanied by a psychological reaction, and the desire for pleasure intensified. At the end of 1894, economic control and the maximum price law were abolished, leading to a collapse of Assyrian paper money, soaring prices, and commercial speculation. In the spring of 1895, the people of Paris rose up in revolt under the slogan "Bread and the Constitution of 1893," but failed. In the same year, the Constitution of the Third Year of the Republican Calendar was enacted, entrusting executive power to a Directory consisting of five Directors, and the National Convention was dissolved on October 26, 1895.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

立法議会に続くフランスの憲法制定議会 (1792.9.21.～95.10.26.) 。普通次の3時期に区分される。 (1) ジロンド派公会 (92.9.21.～93.6.2.) 　右翼にジロンド派，左翼に M.ロベスピエール，G.ダントン，J.マラーの山岳派，中間に平原派が位置する。第一共和政の宣言直後からジロンド派と山岳派の対立が激化し，特に国王ルイ 16世の裁判が両者の戦いを妥協不可能にした。国王の処刑 (93.1.21.) により，ヨーロッパのほとんどの国がフランスと戦争状態に入り，国内では経済危機が生れてパリでアンラジェ (過激派) の暴動が起り，バンデーでは王党派の大規模な反革命内乱が勃発し，ジロンド派の無能ぶりを前に，多くの共和主義者が山岳派に移った。 1793年5月末日から6月2日にかけてジロンド派は公会から追放された。 (2) 山岳派公会 (93.6.2.～94.7.27.) 　革命の危機のなかで山岳派は民衆の支持をバックにブルジョア民主主義革命の貫徹を目指した。 93年6月に採択された共和暦第一年憲法 (山岳派憲法 ) は民主主義の本質的な特徴を規定し，7月 17日の法令は領主制の無償廃棄を規定した。他方，アッシニア紙幣の下落は食糧危機を深化させたため，7月に買占め禁止法，9月には一般生活必需品の最高価格法を布告。しかし，全国境で共和国軍隊が退却し，バンデーの反乱が新たな進展を示し，マラーが暗殺されると (7月) ，国内外の危機克服のために公安委員会の独裁と革命裁判所が強化されテルミドール九日 (94.7.27.) のロベスピエールの失脚まで恐怖政治が断行された。 (3) テルミドール派公会 (94.7.28.～95.10.26.) 　山岳派支配の崩壊とともに，ブルジョアジーの政治的支配が再建される。政治的反動に精神的反動が伴い，快楽に対する欲求が強まった。 94年末に経済統制と最高価格法が廃止され，アッシニア紙幣の暴落，物価の高騰，商業投機がもたらされた。 95年春「パンと 93年の憲法を」というスローガンを掲げてパリの民衆が蜂起したが失敗。この年には共和暦第三年憲法が制定され，5人の総裁から成る総裁政府に行政権がゆだねられることになり，国民公会は 95年 10月 26日に解散した。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

<<: Nation-state (English spelling)

>>: National Health Insurance