A militia organization formed during the French Revolution that continued in place until 1871. It is also called the National Guard. [Katsura Yoshio] French Revolution and Napoleonic EraOn July 13, 1789, amid the turmoil in Paris since the previous day, a volunteer militia consisting of 60 battalions from 16 corps was formed at the suggestion of the wealthy electors to counter the threat of a coup against the Constituent National Assembly by the royal army assembled in Versailles, and to protect the public security of Paris and the property of its citizens. After the capture of the Bastille fortress on the following day, the liberal aristocrat La Fayette, who was appointed commander-in-chief, named it the "National Guard." Soon, national militias were formed in cities all over the country, and after December of the same year, they were placed under the supervision of municipal authorities. In principle, officers were selected by the electors. In Paris, the organization was completed by August 1790, and uniforms, military flags, and three-colored cap badges were issued. The National Guard was originally an organization to counter domestic regular forces and counter-revolutionary forces, but was soon deployed to the borders to repel foreign enemies, and played an important role in the revolutionary army. After the Thermidor Rebellion in July 1894, the National Guard was reorganized, but the following year, it rebelled against the Directory during the royalist Vendée Rebellion, and was abolished after the rebellion was put down. However, it was revived by Napoleon I in 1805 and was composed of propertied citizens, but various classes of the people also participated in the 1815 war and they were called "federation soldiers." [Katsura Yoshio] From the Restoration to the Second EmpireThe National Guard, though purged during the Restoration, continued to maintain its liberal tendencies, and sided with the revolutionaries during the July Revolution of 1830. It was reorganized during the July Monarchy, and was composed of propertied citizens between the ages of 20 and 60 who paid land tax and were primarily interested in maintaining order and the monarchy, and was under the orders of the Minister of the Interior and the prefects of each department. It sometimes sided with the rebels, as in the case of Lyon in 1831, but in Paris it was often used to suppress republican riots. After the February Revolution of 1848, the Provisional Government of the Second Republic democratized the organization, expanding eligibility to all citizens and increasing the number of soldiers fourfold. As a result, the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the workers within the organization intensified, and during the workers' riots in June of that year, many battalions sided with the government and helped suppress them. After President Louis Napoleon's coup d'état on December 2, 1951, the government took control of the National Guard, establishing and suspending it, and appointing and dismissing its officers, and with the establishment of the Second Empire the following year, the organization was fully integrated into the system. [Katsura Yoshio] Paris CommuneIt was with the Prussian-French War of 1870 that the National Guard of Paris took on the character of an armed, autonomous organization of the people, mainly composed of workers. Amid successive defeats, the formation of battalions was permitted in popular areas, and after the collapse of the Second Empire on September 4, the organization swelled to 254 battalions and approximately 300,000 members. During the siege, it opposed the National Defense Government's policy of an early peace settlement and advocated a fight to the death. After the armistice was signed at the end of January 1871, the National Guard Union was formed, and the Central Committee of the National Guard, the central organ, took control of Paris after the popular uprising on March 18, managed the municipal elections, and established the Paris Commune (council) on March 28. The Central Committee then deepened internal conflicts with the Commune Council, but after the collapse of the Commune at the end of May, the National Guard was officially abolished as an institution by law on August 30. [Katsura Yoshio] Louis Girard La Garde Nationale (1964, Plon, Paris) ▽ Lisa Gallé, translated by Akira Kiyasu and Shigeyasu Nagabe, The Paris Commune, Vol. 1 and 2 (1968, 1969, Gendai Shichosha) [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランス革命期に結成され、制度的には1871年まで続いた民兵組織の市民軍。国民衛兵(隊)とも訳される。 [桂 圭男] フランス革命とナポレオン時代1789年7月13日、前日来のパリの騒然とした情勢のなかで、ベルサイユに集結された王国の軍隊による、憲法制定国民議会に対するクーデターの脅威に対抗し、パリの公安と市民の財産を守るため、有産市民の選挙人の提案により、16軍団60大隊からなる義勇兵組織の市民軍が結成された。翌14日のバスチーユ要塞(ようさい)の奪取を経て、15日、総司令官に推戴(すいたい)された自由主義貴族のラ・ファイエットによって「国民軍」と命名された。やがて全国の都市で国民軍が結成され、同年12月以降、市政機関の監督下に置かれた。士官は原則として選挙人によって選ばれた。パリでは90年8月までに組織編成を完了、制服、軍旗、3色の帽章が支給された。91年6月の国王ルイ16世の国外逃亡未遂事件(バレンヌ逃亡事件)を契機とする民衆勢力の台頭に不安を感じた議会は、同年10月、法によって、選挙資格をもたぬ受動的市民(シトワイヤン・パシフ)を組織から排除したため、国民軍は著しくブルジョア化した。しかし92年春に始まった革命防衛戦争を契機としてパリの革命情勢が急速に成熟するに伴い、多数の受動的市民が自発的に組織に加わり、同年8月10日の王制打倒の共和主義革命に積極的な役割を果たした。国民軍は、本来国内の正規軍=常備軍と反革命勢力に対抗するための組織であったが、やがて外敵を撃退するため国境にも派遣されるようになり、革命軍の重要な一翼を担った。94年7月のテルミドールの反動後、組織は再編成されたが、翌年の王党派のバンデーの反乱に際して総裁政府に反抗したため、暴動鎮圧後廃止された。しかし、1805年ナポレオン1世によって復活、有産市民から構成されたが、15年の戦役には民衆諸階層も参加、連盟兵fédérésとよばれた。 [桂 圭男] 復古王朝から第二帝政まで国民軍は、復古王朝期に粛清を受けながらもリベラルな傾向を保持して存続、1830年の七月革命に際しては革命側に加担した。七月王政期に再組織され、20歳から60歳までの、地租を支払い、もっぱら秩序と王制の維持に関心をもつ有産市民から構成され、内務大臣と各県知事の命令下に置かれた。31年のリヨンの場合のように反乱側につくこともあったが、パリでは共和主義者の暴動鎮圧に利用されることが多かった。48年の二月革命後、第二共和政臨時政府によって組織の民主化が図られ、参加資格は全市民に拡大され、兵員も4倍に増加した。これに伴い、組織内部のブルジョアと労働者との対立が激化、同年6月の労働者の暴動時には、多くの大隊が政府側にたって鎮圧に協力した。51年12月2日の大統領ルイ・ナポレオンのクーデター後、政府が国民軍組織の結成、停止、および士官の任免権を握り、翌年の第二帝政の成立とともに組織は完全に体制内化された。 [桂 圭男] パリ・コミューン期パリの国民軍が労働者を主体とする民衆の武装自治組織という性格を帯びるのは、1870年のプロイセン・フランス戦争を契機としてである。相次ぐ敗北のなかで民衆地区にも大隊の結成が認められ、9月4日の第二帝政崩壊後、組織は254大隊、約30万人に膨れ上がり、籠城(ろうじょう)戦中は国防政府の早期講和路線に反対して徹底抗戦を主張した。71年1月末の休戦条約締結後、国民軍連合を結成、中央機関の国民軍中央委員会が3月18日の民衆反乱後パリの支配権を握り、市政選挙を管理、3月28日パリ・コミューン(評議会)を成立させた。その後中央委はコミューン評議会との内部対立を深めたが、5月末のコミューン崩壊後、8月30日の法律によって国民軍は正式に制度として廃止された。 [桂 圭男] 『Louis GirardLa Garde Nationale(1964, Plon, Paris)』▽『リサガレー著、喜安朗・長部重康訳『パリ・コミューン』上下(1968、69・現代思潮社)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: System of National Accounts
>>: National Finance Corporation
...At first, they were just parodies of school so...
…This also causes the salivary glands to atrophy,...
A nationalist ideology from the Meiji period that...
French labour activist. Born in Vallance, Drôme, ...
1890‐1974 Modern Chinese scientist. Born in Shangy...
...The name given to individuals whose white spot...
Kansai. See the entry for the character "Seki...
A military commander during the Muromachi and Sen...
…(1) Class Pycnogonida: Sea spiders, also called ...
…A term referring to excessive attachment or fixa...
Dioxazine itself is a purple dye that has been kno...
An evergreen perennial plant of the lily family. N...
…(b) Siberian iris consists of Iris sibirica L., ...
...Modern Belarusian literature dates back to the...
…Simply called a tie, it is a strip or string of ...