An international accounting standard for systematically recording the economic status of a country. It is abbreviated as SNA. Gross domestic product (GDP), which is seen as an indicator of a country's economic activity, is also measured by this SNA. This standard was decided through discussions at the Statistical Commission of the United Nations Economic and Social Council, and has been revised many times to date. As of 2021 (Reiwa 3), Japan uses the 2008SNA, which was agreed upon by the United Nations in 2009 (Heisei 21). The SNA uses a system described below to grasp a country's economic activity, and one of the important basic data for this is the input-output table. In Japan, input-output tables are generally created for years ending in 0 or 5, and the SNA reflects this information. Japan's SNA as of 2021 is measured based on the 2015 input-output table, so it is called the 2008SNA 2015 base. [Nobuo Iizuka May 21, 2021] Overview of the SNA SystemThe SNA measures a country's economic activity by dividing it into the following processes: (1) production and income distribution, (2) receipt and disposal of income and accumulation and procurement of capital, and (3) increase and decrease in assets and liabilities. [Nobuo Iizuka May 21, 2021] (1) Production and Income DistributionIt measures the process in which goods (food, clothing, etc.) and services (transportation, medical care, etc.) are produced, and the added value gained from them is distributed as income and used to purchase goods and services. There are two types of goods and services: those used as raw materials in production activities (called intermediate goods) and those that are the subject of consumption or investment (called final goods). Added value is calculated by subtracting the amount of intermediate goods used (intermediate inputs) from the amount of production within a country (domestic output), and this is called GDP. Added value is distributed to people involved in production activities and used to purchase goods and services. [Nobuo Iizuka May 21, 2021] (2) Receipt and disposal of income and accumulation and raising of capitalIt measures in detail the process by which value added is distributed and used to purchase goods and services. In doing so, it measures the entities that make up the national economy (called the institutional sector) by dividing them into five categories: non-financial corporations, financial institutions, general government, households (including individual businesses), and private non-profit organizations that serve households. As mentioned above, value added is distributed to people involved in productive activities, from which taxes and social insurance premiums are collected. The government also uses taxes and social insurance premiums as financial resources to provide pensions and welfare assistance. The five entities use the income (called disposable income) after this redistribution to consume and invest. Of these, investment refers to the purchase of goods and services for productive activities, and corresponds to the purchase of homes for households and the purchase of factories and machinery for businesses. [Nobuo Iizuka May 21, 2021] (3) Changes in assets and liabilitiesPurchases of goods and services may be made within the limits of disposable income, or may be made by borrowing when that is a shortage. In the former case, savings increase, while in the latter case, debt increases. The SNA also measures increases or decreases in assets such as savings, and increases or decreases in liabilities such as debt. In particular, houses, factories, machinery, etc. are called non-financial assets, while savings, etc. are called financial assets. The sum of a country's non-financial and financial assets minus liabilities is called net assets (national wealth). Note that the processes up to (1) and (2) measure amounts or quantities (called flows) over a certain period of time, such as a quarter or a year, while (3) measures amounts or quantities (called stocks) at a specific point in time (for example, the end of the year). [Nobuo Iizuka May 21, 2021] Historical developmentsThe United Nations first created the SNA standards in 1953. However, the standards at that time were limited to those related to national income accounts, which only captured the flow aspects, such as the production of goods and services and the distribution of income. In 1968, it was completely revised to become the 1968 SNA, and the current SNA system was created, including not only national income accounts, but also input-output tables, balance of payments tables, flow of funds statements, and national balance sheets (at the time, it was called the "New SNA" in contrast to the SNA created in 1953). In other words, it added the flow of goods and services between producers, the flow of funds, trading relations with overseas countries, and national balance sheets that link these flows to stocks. This established the foundation of the system that continues to this day, which comprehensively, consistently, and integratedly records the state of the economy from both the flow and stock perspectives. Japan adopted the 1968 SNA in 1978 (Showa 53). Further revisions were made thereafter, and the 1993 SNA included more detailed records of the process of receipt and disposal of income, as well as including the purchase of computer software as investment. The concept of gross national product (GNP) was also abolished, and gross national income (GNI) was introduced as a similar concept. Japan aligned with the 1993 SNA in 2000, and the parts that could not be aligned at that time were aligned in 2005 and 2011. In the 2008SNA, it was decided to include research and development (R&D) expenditures, which play an increasingly important role in corporate production activities, in investment. Japan aligned with the 2008SNA when it revised its base year in 2011 (end of 2016), and as a result, what was previously included in intermediate inputs was now included in investment, resulting in GDP, calculated by subtracting intermediate inputs from domestic production, increasing by approximately 5 trillion to 30 trillion yen between 1994 and 2015 compared to when it was aligned with the 1993SNA. In addition, when the base year was revised in 2015 (end of 2020), GDP increased by approximately 5 trillion to 10 trillion yen compared to the 2011 base year. This is influenced by the following: the adjustment to the backlog of the 2008 SNA (investment in original entertainment works such as movies and music, which was previously included in intermediate inputs, is now considered capital and recorded as private corporate capital investment); and the change in the 2015 Input-Output Tables used to estimate GDP, in which the output of construction and repair (architecture), which was previously all considered an intermediate input, is now recorded as gross fixed capital formation for renovation and remodeling (remodeling and renewal work). [Nobuo Iizuka May 21, 2021] "Understanding Economic Statistics through SNA" edited by Itsuo Sakuma (2003, Yuhikaku Alma) [Reference items] | | |National | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一国の経済の状況について体系的に記録するための国際的な会計基準。SNAと略称される。一国の経済活動を測る指標として注目される国内総生産(GDP)も、このSNAによって計測されている。この基準は国際連合(国連)経済社会理事会の統計委員会で議論されて決められており、これまで幾度となく改定されてきた。2021年(令和3)時点では、日本は2009年(平成21)に国連で合意された2008SNAを採用している。 SNAでは、後述する体系で一国の経済活動を把握するが、その際に重要となる基本データの一つが産業連関表である。日本において産業連関表は原則として西暦の末尾が0または5の年について作成され、SNAはその情報を反映させる。2021年時点の日本のSNAは、2015年の産業連関表に基づいて計測されているため、2008SNA2015年基準とよばれている。 [飯塚信夫 2021年5月21日] SNAの体系の概要SNAは、一国の経済活動を(1)生産と所得の分配、(2)所得の受取・処分と資本の蓄積・調達、(3)資産と負債の増減、の過程に分けて計測している。 [飯塚信夫 2021年5月21日] (1)生産と所得の分配財(食料、衣料など)やサービス(交通、医療など)が生産され、そこで得られた付加価値が所得として分配され、財やサービスの購入にあてられる過程を計測している。財やサービスには、生産活動の原材料として用いられるもの(中間財とよばれる)と、消費や投資の対象となるもの(最終財とよばれる)がある。国内における生産額(国内産出額)から中間財の使用額(中間投入)を差し引いたものが付加価値であり、これがGDPとよばれている。付加価値は、生産活動にかかわった人に分配され、財やサービスの購入に用いられる。 [飯塚信夫 2021年5月21日] (2)所得の受取・処分と資本の蓄積・調達付加価値が分配されて、それが財やサービスの購入に用いられる過程を詳細に計測している。その際、国民経済を構成する主体(制度部門とよばれる)を、非金融法人企業、金融機関、一般政府、家計(個人企業を含む)、対家計民間非営利団体、の五つに分けて計測している。前述したように付加価値は生産活動にかかわった人に分配されるが、そこから税金や社会保険料が徴収される。また、政府は税金や社会保険料などを財源に、年金や生活保護などを支給している。こうした再分配が行われた後の所得(可処分所得とよばれる)を用いて、五つの主体は消費や投資を行う。このうち、投資は生産活動のために財やサービスを購入することをさし、家計であれば住宅の購入、企業であれば工場や機械の購入などが該当する。 [飯塚信夫 2021年5月21日] (3)資産と負債の増減財やサービスの購入は、可処分所得の範囲内で行うこともあれば、不足して借金をして行う場合もある。前者の場合は貯金が増え、後者の場合は借金が増える。SNAでは貯金などの資産の増減や借金などの負債の増減も計測している。とくに、住宅、工場、機械などを非金融資産、貯金などを金融資産とよんでいる。一国全体の非金融資産と金融資産の合計から負債を差し引いたものを正味資産(国富)とよんでいる。 なお、(1)(2)までの過程は、四半期、1年間など一定の期間内での金額や量(フローとよばれる)を計測しているが、(3)は、特定の時点(たとえば年末段階)での金額や量(ストックとよばれる)を計測するという違いがある。 [飯塚信夫 2021年5月21日] 歴史的経過国連で初めてSNAの基準が作成されたのは1953年であった。ただ、この時点の基準は、財やサービスの生産と所得の分配といったフロー面のみをとらえる国民所得勘定に関連したものに限られていた。 1968年に全面改定され1968SNAとなり、国民所得勘定のほか、産業連関表、国際収支表、資金循環表、国民貸借対照表を包含する現在のようなSNAの体系ができあがった(当時は、1953年作成のSNAに対して「新SNA」とよばれた)。すなわち、生産者間の財・サービスのフロー、資金のフロー、海外との取引関係、そしてこれらのフローをストックに結び付ける国民の貸借対照勘定が付け加えられた。フローとストックの両面から経済の姿を包括的・整合的・統合的に記録するという、現在に至る体系の基盤が構築されたことになる。日本は1978年(昭和53)に1968SNAに対応した。 その後も改定が行われ、1993SNAでは、所得の受取と処分の過程の記録を詳細にしたほか、コンピュータソフトウェアの購入分を投資に含めることなどを決めた。また、国民総生産(GNP)の概念がなくなり、同様の概念として国民総所得(GNI)が導入された。日本は2000年に1993SNAに対応したほか、このときに対応できなかった分については、2005年、2011年に対応した。 2008SNAでは、企業の生産活動における役割が高まっている研究・開発(R&D:Research and Development)支出を投資に含めることなどを決めた。日本は基準年を2011年に改定した際(2016年末)に2008SNAに対応したが、従来は中間投入に含まれていたものが投資に含まれることになったことで、国内生産額から中間投入を差し引いて算出されるGDPが、1993SNA対応時に比べて、1994~2015年にかけて約5兆~約30兆円増加した。また、基準年を2015年に改定した際(2020年末)には2011年基準に比べてGDPは約5兆~約10兆円増加した。2008SNA対応の積み残し(従来は中間投入に含まれていた映画・音楽等の娯楽作品原本への投資を資本とみなし民間企業設備投資として計上)への対応を行ったことや、GDPの推計に用いられている2015年産業連関表において、従来、すべて中間投入とされていた建設補修(建築)の産出額のうち、改装・改修(リフォーム・リニューアル工事)について総固定資本形成に計上する変更が行われたことが影響している。 [飯塚信夫 2021年5月21日] 『作間逸雄編『SNAがわかる経済統計学』(2003・有斐閣アルマ)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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