The IGY was an internationally-coordinated geophysical observation program that took place over a year and a half from July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958. Originally, the International Polar Year (IPY) was an internationally-coordinated observation program for the purpose of jointly observing meteorological and geomagnetic phenomena, mainly in the polar regions. The first IPY was held in 1882-1883, the second in 1932-1933, and was held every 50 years. The third IPY was scheduled for 1982-1983, but in consideration of the rapid development of science after the Second World War, it was decided to bring it forward to the 25th year. However, as the plan progressed, the scale of the program grew larger and larger, with the aim of covering not only the polar regions but the entire Earth, and of observing as many phenomena as possible. For this reason, the name was changed to the International Geophysical Year. The overall project was coordinated by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU, now the International Council for Science), and more than 60 countries participated, conducting observations in almost every field of geophysics, including the aurora, meteorology, oceans, glaciers, earthquakes, gravity, geomagnetism, and cosmic rays. This was the height of the Cold War, and international collaborative research was extremely difficult at the time, but the significance of the various collaborative observations that were made possible through the IGY, in which almost all major countries participated, was enormous. During this period, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite in history, Sputnik, and the United States succeeded in putting Explorer into orbit the following year, marking the start of observations in outer space. Furthermore, many observation projects in Antarctica by various countries were also initiated by the International Geophysical Year, and Japan also established Showa Station in 1957 (Showa 32) and began its Antarctic observation project. Observations at Showa Station have continued ever since, and have produced many scientific results, such as the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica. The success of the IGY led to the launch of many other international joint observation projects, including the International Upper Mantle Project (UMP) in the 1960s, the International Geodynamics Project (GDP) in the 1970s, and the International Lithosphere Project (ILP) in the 1980s, all of which are related to the solid Earth. [Kano Naga] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1957年7月1日から1958年12月31日までの1年半にわたって行われた国際共同の地球物理現象観測事業(略称IGY)。もともと、極地を中心とする気象、地磁気などの共同観測を目的とする国際極年(International Polar Year、略称IPY)という国際共同観測が、第1回は1882~1883年、第2回は1932~1933年と50年ごとに行われており、第3回は1982~1983年が予定されていたが、第二次世界大戦後の学問の急速な発展を考えて、25年目に繰り上げようということになった。ところが計画が進むうちに、極地ばかりでなく全地球を対象としよう、また観測項目もなるべく多くの現象を対象にしようと、どんどん規模が大きくなっていった。このために、名称も国際地球観測年と改め実施されることになった。全体の計画は国際学術連合会議(ICSU。現、国際科学会議)が統括し、それに60か国以上が参加し、極光(オーロラ)、気象、海洋、氷河、地震、重力、地磁気、宇宙線など、地球物理のほぼすべての分野にわたる観測が実施された。 この頃はまだ東西冷戦の真っただ中であり、国際的な共同研究などは非常に困難な時代であったが、主要国がほぼすべて参加することになったIGYのためにさまざまな共同観測が実現した意義は非常に大きかった。またこの期間内に、ソ連が史上初の人工衛星スプートニクを打ちあげ、アメリカも翌年にはエクスプローラを人工衛星軌道に乗せることに成功して、宇宙空間の観測が開始されたことは特筆すべき成果である。さらに、南極大陸における各国の観測事業も国際地球観測年が契機となったものが多く、日本も1957年(昭和32)から昭和基地を設けて南極観測事業を開始した。昭和基地での観測はそれ以来今日までずっと続けられ、南極上空のオゾンホールの発見など、多くの科学的成果をあげている。 このIGYの成功により、その後も多くの国際共同観測事業が実施されるようになった。固体地球関係では、1960年代に国際地球内部開発計画(International Upper Mantle Project、略称UMP)、1970年代に国際地球ダイナミクス計画(International Geodynamics Project、略称GDP)、1980年代に国際リソスフェア探査開発計画(International Lithosphere Project、略称ILP)などが実施されている。 [河野 長] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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