International servitude

Japanese: 国際地役 - こくさいちえき（英語表記）international servitude

An international servitude is a restriction imposed on the territorial rights of a particular state for the benefit of another state by agreement between states. The state on which an international servitude imposes a burden is called the servient state, the territory on which the burden is imposed is called the servient estate, and the state that obtains the rights or benefits from it is called the dominant state. Under general international law, restrictions imposed on a state's territory (such as the recognition of the right of innocent passage of foreign ships through its territorial waters) are called natural restrictions and are distinguished from international servitudes. International servitudes are divided into positive servitudes, in which the dominant state is granted the right to actively utilize the territory of the servient state, and negative servitudes, in which the dominant state has the right to prohibit the servient state from performing certain acts within its territory. An example of the former is the fishing rights along the North Atlantic coast that the United Kingdom granted to the United States and France in various treaties since the 18th century, and an example of the latter is the prohibition of Germany from building military facilities on the left bank of the Rhine by the Treaty of Versailles.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

国家間の合意によって他国の利益のために特定の国家の領域権に対して課せられる制限をいう。国際地役によって負担を課せられる国を承役国，負担を課せられる領域を承役地，それによって権利あるいは利益を得る国を要役国という。一般国際法上，国家の領域に課せられる制限 (たとえば自国領海内における外国船舶の無害通航権の承認) は自然制限と呼ばれ，国際地役とは区別される。国際地役は，要役国が承役国の領域を積極的に活用する権利を認められる積極的地役と，承役国に対してその領域内において一定の行為をなさしめない権利を有する消極的地役に区分される。前者の例としてイギリスが 18世紀以来の諸条約でアメリカ，フランスに与えた北大西洋沿岸の漁業権があり，後者の例としてベルサイユ条約によってドイツがライン川左岸に軍事施設の建設を禁止されたことがあげられる。

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