It refers to the change over time in gene frequency within a homogeneous population of organisms. American zoologist R.B. Goldschmidt called the intra-species divergence caused by the accumulation of ordinary gene mutations microevolution, and distinguished it from macroevolution, which refers to evolution at a level higher than the species level. This distinction is still widely used today, but the neo-Darwinian Modern Synthesis holds that microevolution is sufficient to explain the basic process of evolution. The causes of changes in gene frequency in a population as a gene pool include various mutations, the movement of genes due to the dispersion and movement of individuals, random drift of genes, and natural selection. Two stages, genetic mutation and selection, are included here. When a species is distributed in an area with different environmental conditions, for example, if there is a difference in the way natural selection is applied to a particular trait depending on the location, geographical variation occurs. This is a good example of microevolution. Another example is the industrial melanism of the British peppered geometrie. It also includes non-adaptive variation and divergence within species that is influenced by random factors. [Akira Endo] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物の同種個体群内の遺伝子頻度が継時的に変化することをいう。アメリカの動物学者R・B・ゴルトシュミットは、普通の遺伝子突然変異の累積によって生じる種内の分岐を小進化とよび、種以上のレベルの進化をさす大進化と区別した。この区別は現在でも広く採用されているが、進化の基本過程の説明は小進化で足るというのがネオ・ダーウィン主義の現代総合説の立場である。遺伝子プールとしての個体群の遺伝子頻度の変化を引き起こす原因としては、さまざまな突然変異、個体の分散・移動による遺伝子の移出入、遺伝子の機会的浮動、そして自然選択(淘汰(とうた))があげられる。遺伝的変異と淘汰という二つの段階がここでは含まれている。ある種が異なった環境諸条件を含む区域に分布している場合、場所によって、たとえば、特定の形質への自然選択のかかり方に差が生じると、地理的な変異がおこる。これは小進化の好例である。また、イギリスのオオシモフリエダシャクの工業暗化の例もそうである。さらに偶然的な要因に左右された非適応的な種内の変異や分岐もこれに含まれる。 [遠藤 彰] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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