International commodity agreement

Japanese: 国際商品協定 - こくさいしょうひんきょうてい(英語表記)international commodity agreement
International commodity agreement

An intergovernmental agreement to promote international cooperation on primary commodities. The beginnings of international commodity agreements can be traced back to around 1930 in arrangements between nations and the private sector, but the commodity agreements of this time were agreements between exporting countries, and it was only after World War II that both exporting and importing countries began to participate in the agreements.

Later, coupled with the rise of the North-South problem, the IPC came to be seen as part of the solution to the commodity problem. In particular, the commodity problem came to the forefront following the oil shock of 1973, and the Secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) proposed the Integrated Commodity Programme (IPC), which led to the adoption of the Resolution on the Integrated Commodity Programme at the Fourth General Assembly of UNCTAD in 1976. This Resolution stipulated that negotiations would be held on the Common Commodity Fund, which would be necessary to hold buffer stocks for individual commodity agreements, as well as on individual commodity negotiations to conclude commodity agreements for major primary commodities (18 items). The agreement establishing the Common Commodity Fund was adopted in June 1980 and came into effect in June 1989.

The price stabilization mechanisms of international commodity agreements can be classified into three types:

(1) Buffer Stock System: An international buffer stock is established, and when the market price rises above a certain level, stock is released onto the market, and conversely, when the market price falls below a certain level, stock is supported by purchasing to build up inventory (e.g., the Natural Rubber Agreement and the 1986 Cocoa Agreement).

(2) Export quota system: Export volumes are allocated to exporting countries and supply is matched to demand in order to stabilize prices (e.g., Coffee Agreement of 1983, Cocoa Agreement of 1975, etc.).

(3) Multilateral contract method: A ceiling and floor price are set in advance, and importing countries have the right to buy a certain quantity at the ceiling price when the market price exceeds the ceiling price, and conversely, they are obligated to purchase a certain quantity at the floor price when the market price falls below the floor price (such as the 1949 Wheat Agreement).

Since the 1980s, due to conflicts of interest among member countries and a decline in international demand for primary commodities, the number of cases in which economic clauses for price stabilization were included in international commodity agreements has drastically decreased, leaving only the Agreement on Natural Rubber. All the other agreements are limited to non-economic clauses such as the compilation of statistics, information exchange, research and development, and market expansion.

As of 1999, international commodity agreements exist for coffee, sugar, cocoa, natural rubber, grains, jute, tropical timber, and olive oil (Japan is not a party to the Olive Agreement). An agreement had been in place for tin since 1956, but the International Tin Council, which had been its governing body, was dissolved in July 1990 due to huge debts, causing the agreement to lapse.

[Shigeo Irie and Arata Yokokawa]

"International Commodity Agreements and Primary Commodity Issues" by Yasuo Chiba (1987, Yushindo Kobunsha) " "New Developments in Primary Commodity Issues: Responding to Information Society and Changes in Demand" edited by Shigemitsu Hirashima (1989, Institute of Developing Economies)

[References] | Common Fund for Primary Commodities | Commodity Issues | Buffer Stocks | International Grain Agreement | International Cocoa Agreement | International Coffee Agreement | International Sugar Agreement | International Jute Agreement | International Commodities | International Rubber Agreement | International Tropical Timber Agreement

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一次産品に関する国際協力を促進するための政府間協定。国際商品協定の始まりは1930年ごろの国家間および民間の取決めに求められるが、この時期の商品協定は輸出国間協定であって、輸出国と輸入国の双方の協定参加が行われるようになったのは、第二次世界大戦後のことである。

 その後、国際商品協定は南北問題の台頭と相まって、一次産品問題の解決策の一環として位置づけられるに至った。とくに、1973年のオイル・ショックを契機として大きくクローズアップされることになった一次産品問題において、国連貿易開発会議(UNCTAD(アンクタッド))事務局が一次産品総合計画(IPC)を提唱し、76年のUNCTAD第4回総会では「一次産品総合計画に関する決議」が採択された。この決議は、個別商品協定の緩衝在庫の保有のために必要とされる「一次産品共通基金」に関する交渉、および主要一次産品(18品目)について商品協定を締結するための「個別産品」交渉を行うことを取り決めたものである。このうち「一次産品共通基金」については80年6月に設立協定が採択され、89年6月に発効した。

 国際商品協定の価格安定化メカニズムは次の3方式に分類できる。

(1)緩衝在庫方式 国際的な緩衝在庫を設置して、市場価格が一定価格以上になったときには在庫品を市場に放出し、反対に市場価格が一定価格以下になったときには買い支えを行って在庫蓄積を図る(天然ゴム協定、86年ココア協定など)。

(2)輸出割当て方式 輸出国に対して輸出量を割り当て、需要に見合った供給をすることによって価格安定化を図る(83年コーヒー協定、75年ココア協定など)。

(3)多国間契約方式 上限価格と下限価格をあらかじめ設定しておき、輸入国は、市場価格が上限価格を上回ったときには一定数量を上限価格で買う権利をもち、反対に市場価格が下限価格を下回ったときには一定数量を下限価格で買い入れる義務を負う(49年小麦協定など)。

 1980年代ごろから、加盟国の利害対立や一次産品に対する国際的需要の減少などから、国際商品協定に価格安定のための経済条項が規定されるケースは大幅に減少し、天然ゴム協定のみとなった。その他はいずれも統計整備、情報交換、研究開発、市場拡大などの非経済条項に限定された内容となっている。

 1999年現在、コーヒー、砂糖、ココア、天然ゴム、穀物、ジュート、熱帯木材、およびオリーブ油について国際商品協定が成立している(日本はオリーブ協定のみ非加盟)。錫(すず)については1956年以来協定が結ばれていたが、その管理機構であった国際錫理事会が巨額の債務を抱え90年7月に解散したことにより、協定は失効するに至った。

[入江成雄・横川 新]

『千葉泰雄著『国際商品協定と一次産品問題』(1987・有信堂高文社)』『平島成望編『一次産品問題の新展開――情報化と需要変化への対応』(1989・アジア経済研究所)』

[参照項目] | 一次産品共通基金 | 一次産品問題 | 緩衝在庫 | 国際穀物協定 | 国際ココア協定 | 国際コーヒー協定 | 国際砂糖協定 | 国際ジュート協定 | 国際商品 | 国際天然ゴム協定 | 国際熱帯木材協定

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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