Along with pre-capitalist commercial capital, usury capital is one of the capitals that existed long before capitalism (called pre-Flood forms of capital or pre-capital). The conditions for the existence of usury capital were that at least a part of the products were in the form of commodities, that the functions of money were developed, and that, as an archaic form of interest-bearing capital, it lent money to the wasteful aristocracy of landowners and small producers and peasants who owned the conditions of labor. The interest was usury, with no restrictions other than the borrower's ability to repay and resistance. Usury capital not only plundered all surpluses over the means of subsistence (equivalent to capitalist wages), but also seized and seized the ownership of the conditions of labor itself, such as land and houses, in order to accumulate monetary wealth. In this way, usury capital parasitized the pre-capitalist mode of production from the outside, plundered the rulers and producers, weakened the mode of production, and promoted its disintegration. However, the extent to which the old mode of production is dissolved and the type of production mode that will emerge after its dissolution will depend on the characteristics of the old mode of production itself. Parasitic usury capital in itself did not bring about new developments. The suppression of such usury was the premise of the modern credit and banking systems, which were based on interest-bearing capital. Although usury capital still exists in modern times, it is only a secondary form. [Kaido Katsutoshi] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
前期的商業資本とともに資本主義のはるか以前から存在する資本(資本の大洪水前的形態とか前期的資本という)の一つである。この高利貸資本の存在条件は、少なくともただ生産物の一部分が商品となっていること、貨幣の諸機能が発展していることのみにあり、利子生み資本の古風な形態として、浪費的貴族である土地所有者、労働諸条件を所有する小生産者や小農民へ貨幣を貸し付けたことにある。利子は、借り手の支払い能力と抵抗力以外には、なんらの制限もない高利であった。高利貸資本の収奪は、生活維持手段(資本主義の賃金相当額)を超えるすべての剰余分に及ぶだけでなく、さらには労働条件そのものの土地・家屋などの所有名義をも獲得収奪して、貨幣的富の集積を図った。高利貸資本はこのように、資本主義以前の生産様式に外側から寄生して、支配者と生産者を収奪し、生産様式を衰弱させ、分解を促進した。しかし、旧生産様式の解体がどの程度まで進むか、また解体後にどのような生産様式が生ずるかは、旧生産様式自体の性格による。寄生的高利貸資本は、それ自体としては新しい発展を生み出すものではなかった。このような高利の抑圧こそが近代の利子生み資本を根幹とする信用制度、銀行制度の前提であった。なお、近代においても高利貸資本が存在するが、それは副次的形態にすぎない。 [海道勝稔] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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