The definition of a machine has changed over time. Until around the 1960s, a machine was defined as a combination of objects that could withstand external forces, temperatures, and other factors during use, and certain parts of those objects performed a certain relative motion to convert energy given from the outside into the required work. However, this definition does not include new machines such as computers, teaching machines, and artificial organs (especially kidneys). Therefore, machines are now broadly interpreted as "a machine made by combining objects to achieve a purpose useful to humans, and each part is given a specific function to realize the overall function." According to this recent definition, machines include telephones, television sets, and transceivers that have almost no moving parts. When focusing on the intended function of a machine, a machine that extracts power from an energy source to generate power is called a power machine, a machine that performs general work is called a working machine, and a machine that uses a computer to make intelligent judgments and perform actions is called an intelligent machine. Work machinery is further classified according to its use into machine tools, loading and transport machinery, textile machinery, chemical machinery, construction machinery, mining machinery, transportation machinery, agricultural machinery, fisheries machinery, office machinery, and others, each of which is further specialized. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
機械の定義は時代とともに変遷している。 1960年代頃までは,使用中に受ける外力,温度,その他に耐えうる物体の結合・組合せから成り,それらのうちの特定部分が一定の相対運動を行なって,外部から与えられたエネルギーを所要の仕事に変換するものとされてきた。しかし,この定義では最近のコンピュータ,ティーチングマシン,人工臓器 (特に腎臓) などの新しい機械を含めることができなくなっている。そこで最近では,機械を広く解釈して「人間に有用な目的を達成するために,物体を組合せてつくり,これらの各部に所定の機能を与え,全体の機能を実現させたもの」とされている。このような最近の定義によれば,ほとんど動く部分のない電話機,テレビ受像機,トランシーバなども機械に含まれる。機械が目的とする機能に着目した場合,エネルギー源から力を取出して動力を発生させるものを動力機械,作業一般を行うものを作業機械,コンピュータを用いて知的な判断や動作を伴うものを知能機械と呼ぶ。作業機械は,さらに用途により工作機械,荷役・運搬機械,繊維機械,化学機械,建設機械,鉱山機械,交通機械,農業機械,水産機械,事務機械,その他に分類され,それぞれがまた専門化している。
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