A flow whose speed is equal to or greater than the speed of sound waves in the fluid. In such flows, the effects of density changes accompanying the flow must be considered, so the fluid is treated as a compressible fluid. The properties of high-speed airflow vary significantly depending on the value of Mach number M , which is the ratio of the flow speed to the speed of sound. In general, both the flow speed and the speed of sound vary from place to place, so the value of M also varies with location. A flow where M < 1 everywhere is called a subsonic flow, a flow where M > 1 everywhere is called a supersonic flow, and a flow that has both subsonic and supersonic regions is called a transonic flow. Among supersonic flows, a flow where M is approximately 5 or greater is called a hypersonic flow. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
流れの速さが流体中の音波の速さと同程度であるか,またはそれ以上である流れをいう。このような流れでは,流れに伴う密度変化の影響を考慮しなければならないので,流体を圧縮性流体として取り扱う。高速気流の性質は,流れの速度と音速との比であるマッハ数 M の値によって著しく変わる。一般に,流速も音速も場所によって異なるから,M の値もまた場所とともに変わる。流れの中のいたるところで M<1 である流れを亜音速流,いたるところで M>1 である流れを超音速流,そして流れの中に亜音速の領域と超音速の領域がどちらも存在する流れを遷音速流という。また,超音速流のうち,M が約 5以上の流れを極超音速流という。
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