Born September 18, 1971 in Plano, Texas. American cyclist (see Cycling). He won the Tour de France seven times in a row (1999-2005), an unprecedented record, but his records were cancelled due to doping (use of banned substances). From a young age, he participated in triathlons and swimming competitions. While in high school, he was selected to compete on the United States Cycling Federation's (USCF) Junior National Team, competed in the Junior World Championships, and won the U.S. Amateur Championships in 1990. He turned professional in 1992. In 1996, he was diagnosed with testicular cancer. He fought the disease to return to competitive racing, and in 1998, he won the Tour de Luxembourg, his first major race since being diagnosed with the disease. In 1999, he became the second American to win the Tour de France. He continued to win in 2000, 2001, and 2002, using his strength in mountain stages as a weapon. In 2003, despite accidents such as a collision and illness, he won the Tour de France five times in a row, tying Miguel Indurain's record. In 2004, he won the Tour de France six times in a row, breaking Indurain's record, and in 2005, he won the Tour de France seven times in a row, after which he announced his retirement. He also devoted himself to the cancer eradication campaign and founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation. In 2012, the results of an investigation by the United States Anti-Doping Agency USADA, which found him to be the central figure in numerous doping allegations, were made public, and he was stripped of all his titles and banned for life from cycling. In 2000, he published his autobiography, It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life, co-written with Sally Jenkins. Armstrong Armstrong, Neil Born: August 5, 1930, Wapakoneta, Ohio [Died] August 25, 2012. Cincinnati, Ohio. Astronaut from the United States. Commander of the Apollo 11 spacecraft (Apollo Project), which was the first to land on the moon on July 20, 1969. On July 16, 1969, he left Earth with Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. He became the first human to step on the moon and said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." On July 24, 1969, he landed safely in the Pacific Ocean and returned to Earth. He obtained a pilot's license at the age of 16, and in 1947 became a U.S. Navy flight officer candidate. While majoring in aeronautics at Purdue University, the Korean War broke out, and he served in the military as a jet pilot. He then joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and was selected as one of the second class of astronauts in 1962. In March 1966, he was aboard Gemini 8 with David R. Scott, and made the first successful docking with the target Agena satellite (→Project Gemini). In 1969, he visited Japan as a special presidential envoy, and became the first foreigner to receive the Order of Culture. In 1971, he left NASA and served as a professor at the University of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1979. He then held important positions in various companies. In 1969, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Armstrong Armstrong, William George, Baron Armstrong Born: 26 November 1810, Newcastle upon Tyne [Died] December 27, 1900. Cragside British inventor and entrepreneur. He studied law, but was also interested in scientific experiments, and invented the hydraulic crane. In 1847, he gave up law and established a machine shop in Elswick. Later, during the Crimean War, he thought of improving cannons, and invented the Armstrong gun. In 1859, he was knighted by the British government for his achievements, and was appointed Director of the Government Ordnance Factory, and later Director of the Royal Foundry. He became a baron in 1887. The company he founded, Armstrong, later became Vickers-Armstrong, and as a major arms manufacturing company on a par with Germany's Krupp, it had a major impact not only in Britain but also throughout Europe, and made numerous contributions to military history. The breech-loading rifled cannon developed by Armstrong is said to be the ancestor of modern artillery. Armstrong Armstrong, Edwin Howard Born: December 18, 1890, New York [Died] January 31, 1954/February 1, 1954. New York American electronic engineer. After graduating from Columbia University, he became a lecturer at the same university. During World War I, he was seconded to the American Radio Communication Corps Laboratory in Paris. During World War II, he took a military research position, but otherwise taught at Columbia University for the rest of his life. He was interested in radio communication from his student days, and around 1912, he discovered that a triode detector (audion) could generate high-frequency continuous wave oscillations, and constructed his own regenerative circuit. He continued his research and in 1918 invented the high-performance "superheterodyne receiving circuit," which promoted the development of radio, radar, and television technology. In 1933, he invented the frequency modulation device, which brought about a revolution in radio broadcasting technology. He was awarded the gold medal from the American Society of Radio Engineers, and later the Franklin Medal. Armstrong Armstrong, Louis (Daniel) Born: July 4, 1900, New Orleans [Died] July 6, 1971. New York. American jazz trumpeter and singer. Nicknamed Satchmo. He learned to play the cornet in a juvenile detention center as a boy. In 1922, he joined the King Oliver Orchestra in Chicago and attracted attention as a trumpeter. After that, he moved to many bands. His recordings with the Hot Five and Hot Seven in the late 1920s are immortal masterpieces in jazz history. In 1932, he toured Europe for the first time, and in 1947, he formed the All Stars, touring all over the world in the 1950s and 1960s. He was also a first-class entertainer, appearing in many films. As a singer, he is considered the creator of the scat singing style, and in his later years, he often took up popular songs and made them hits. Armstrong Armstrong, Henry Edward Born: 6 May 1848, Lewisham, Kent Died: July 13, 1937, Lewisham, Kent. British organic chemist. After studying chemistry at the Royal School of Chemistry, he studied in Germany, where he was supervised by A. Kolbe and obtained his doctorate in 1870. His research on the substitution reaction of naphthalene made a major contribution to the synthetic dye industry. He established the chemical composition of camphor and terpenes. He also conducted research on water purification and the prevention of typhoid fever, and contributed to the improvement of public health. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |