Oracle Bone Science

Japanese: 甲骨学 - こうこつがく
Oracle Bone Science

A field of study that aims to elucidate the culture of the Yin dynasty by studying oracle bone fragments unearthed at the so-called Yin Ruins near Anyang County, Henan Province, China. Although it should be considered a branch of history and archaeology directly, it is also widely related to intellectual history, religious studies, linguistics (including paleography), and cultural (social) anthropology, forming its own research field. In 1899, oracle bone fragments were unearthed when the Huo River, which flows near Anyang County, overflowed. Liu Tieyun, who happened to come across them, diligently collected and deciphered them, and discovered that they were from the Yin dynasty. In 1903, he published "Tieyun Cang Turtle," a collection of over 1,000 oracle bone rubbings. This was the first publication on oracle bone studies. The work of deciphering the bones was subsequently continued by Sun Yirang, Luo Zhenyu, and others. Furthermore, Wang Guowei revealed that the oracle bones were divination inscriptions given by the royal family in the late Shang dynasty, and that they matched well with descriptions in the Records of the Grand Historian, the Yin Annals, thus establishing the foundations of oracle bone studies.

Since 1928, archaeological excavations of the Yin ruins by the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica have produced many great results, which have led to the study of oracle bones becoming deeply linked to archaeology. Dong Zuobin, who participated in these excavations, proposed a method of dividing oracle bone inscriptions into five periods (the so-called "dangdai study"). After that, after examination by many researchers, the outline was approved, although there were still problems with the details, and this led to a great leap forward in the study of oracle bones. The reconstruction of the ancestral ritual system of the Yin dynasty royal family and the reconstruction of the Yin dynasty calendar system by Dong Zuobin, Shima Kunio and others are both based on this "dangdai study."

The most comprehensive systematization of this study is "Sojutsu of the Yinxu Bocci" (1956) by Chen Mengjia, which is divided into chapters on characters, grammar, eras, calendars and celestial phenomena, geography of the states, political regions, former dukes and ministers, former kings and mothers, temple names, kinship, officials, agriculture, etc., religion, and social status. Although it tends to be a little too closely based on the contents of the historical materials, it can be said that it roughly indicates the field of research. After this, "Sojutsu of the Yinxu Bocci" (1967) edited by Shima Kunio, a single-character index of the main oracle bone script, was published, which completely changed the state of research. Furthermore, between 1978 and 1983, the "Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions," a collection of rubbings in 13 volumes, was published, which covered the many previously published oracle bone writings (collections of materials) and organized and edited them by era and content, finally establishing the basic conditions for research, and it is hoped that a great leap forward will be made in the future.In addition, Japan has had the Japanese Society of Oracle Bone Studies since 1951 (Showa 26), and publishes its journal, "Oracle Bone Studies."

[Matsumaru Michio]

[Reference] | Oracle bone inscription

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国、河南(かなん/ホーナン)省安陽(あんよう/アンヤン)県近くのいわゆる殷墟(いんきょ)出土の甲骨片を研究対象とし、殷代文化の解明を目的とする学問。直接には歴史学、考古学の一分科とみるべきであるが、思想史、宗教学、言語学(古文字学を含む)、文化(社会)人類学などにも幅広く関連領域をもっており、独自の研究領域を形成している。1899年に安陽県近くを流れる洹河(えんが)の氾濫(はんらん)により甲骨片が出土し、偶然これを入手した劉鉄雲(りゅうてつうん)によって鋭意収集、解読され、これが殷代の所産であることが判明して、1903年に、1000余片の甲骨拓本を収める『鉄雲蔵亀(ぞうき)』が刊行された。甲骨学にとって最初の刊行物である。その後、孫詒譲(そんいじょう)、羅振玉(らしんぎょく/ルオチュンユイ)らによって解読の業が進められた。さらに王国維(おうこくい/ワンクオウェイ)により、甲骨文は殷代後期の王室によって占われた卜辞(ぼくじ)であって、『史記』殷本紀の記述とよく合致することが明らかにされ、甲骨学の基礎が確立した。

 1928年以降、中央研究院歴史語言研究所によって殷墟が考古学的に発掘されて、多大の成果を得、これによって甲骨学は考古学と深く結び付くに至った。この発掘に参加した董作賓(とうさくひん)により、甲骨文の五期区分法(いわゆる断代研究)が提唱され、その後、多数の研究者の検討によって、細部に問題を残しながらも、大綱は承認されるに至り、これによって、以後、甲骨学は飛躍的に進展した。董作賓、島邦男(しまくにお)らによる殷代王室の祖先祭祀(さいし)体系の復原、殷代暦法の復原などは、いずれもこの断代研究を基礎としている。

 この学をもっとも包括的に体系化したものに陳夢家(ちんぽうか)著『殷墟卜辞綜述(そうじゅつ)』(1956)があり、その章立ては、文字、文法、断代、暦法天象、方国地理、政治区域、先公旧臣、先王先妣(せんぴ)、廟号(びょうごう)、親属、百官、農業その他、宗教、身分とされており、いささか史料内容に密着しすぎているきらいはあるが、おおよそその研究領域を示しているものといえよう。このあと、主要甲骨文の一字索引である島邦男編『殷墟卜辞綜類』(1967)が刊行されてその研究状況は一変した。さらに、1978~83年、従来刊行された多数の甲骨著録(資料集)を網羅したうえで、時代・内容別に整理編集した拓本集『甲骨文合集』全13巻が刊行されるに至り、ようやく研究の基礎条件が整備されることになり、今後の飛躍的展開が望まれる。なお、日本には、1951年(昭和26)以来、日本甲骨学会があり、機関誌『甲骨学』を刊行している。

[松丸道雄]

[参照項目] | 甲骨文字

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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