Anosmia, Hyposmia

Japanese: 嗅覚障害 - きゅうかくしょうがい(英語表記)(Anosmia, Hyposmia)
Anosmia, Hyposmia
◎Olfaction disorder is any abnormality in the sense of smell that detects odors. Symptoms of olfactory disorder can be broadly divided into the following five types.
1. Anosmia, a complete loss of the sense of smell.
2) Decreased ability to smell.
3) Hyperosmia, which is extreme sensitivity to smells.
4. Olfactory illusion, in which any smell is perceived as a foul odor.
5) Olfactory hallucinations, in which you smell something even though there is no smell.
●How the sense of smell works Between the nasal septum and the middle turbinate is the olfactory cleft, which contains the olfactory mucosa, which contains olfactory cells that detect odors. This mucosa is connected to the brain via the olfactory nerve.
The source of smell is a chemical called olfactory molecules. When olfactory molecules in the air enter the nasal cavity and reach the olfactory cells, the stimulation is transmitted to the brain and is perceived as a smell. If there is an abnormality anywhere in this olfactory mechanism, it will cause an olfactory disorder.
●Causes of olfactory disorders Olfactory disorders can occur for a variety of reasons, but the majority of cases are due to chronic nasal diseases.
Causes of olfactory disorders include nasal and sinusitis, nasal allergies, deviated nasal septum, nasal and paranasal sinus tumors, viral infections (colds), inhalation of toxic gases, and post-radiation therapy. There are also olfactory disorders caused by aftereffects of head trauma, intracranial tumors, intracranial surgery, and drugs such as anti-cancer drugs (tegafur).
Other symptoms include congenital olfactory disorders, decreased sense of smell or anosmia due to aging, hyperosmia seen during pregnancy, and olfactory hypersensitivity and olfactory hallucinations that can occur with neurosis/hysteria, schizophrenia, and drug addiction.
Treatment Olfactory disorders caused by nasal diseases such as rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyps, deviated nasal septum, and nasal allergies are easily treatable. Olfactory disorders caused by viral infections, drugs, after head trauma, and after intracranial surgery are difficult to treat.
There are two types of treatment for olfactory disorders: drug therapy and surgical therapy. The main drug therapy is nasal spray therapy using adrenal cortex hormone.
If corticosteroid nasal spray therapy is used for a long period of time, side effects such as weight gain, facial swelling (moon face), and acne-like rashes may occur. Follow your doctor's instructions to use the correct amount of nasal spray twice a day for about three months, and usually there are no particular side effects during this period.
Other drug therapies include vitamin A and vitamin B12 supplements, as well as oral medications for underlying nasal and paranasal sinus inflammation and allergies.
If you have a nasal disease such as rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, deviated nasal septum, or nasal allergy, and your olfactory disorder does not improve with drug therapy, surgical treatment may be performed.
Surgical methods are divided into nasal septum surgery, nasal turbinate surgery, and paranasal sinus surgery. Surgical therapy corrects morphological abnormalities in the nasal cavity and removes diseases of the olfactory cleft and paranasal sinuses to improve airflow in the nasal cavity and inflammation of the olfactory mucosa and its surrounding areas. For surgery on the olfactory cleft and paranasal sinuses, endoscopic nasal surgery using a thin nasal endoscope is useful because it allows for more delicate and accurate surgical operations.
In some cases, these surgeries may be followed by the aforementioned corticosteroid nasal spray therapy.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
◎嗅覚障害とは
 においを感じる嗅覚になんらかの異常がおこることを嗅覚障害といいます。嗅覚障害の症状は、大きくつぎの5つに分けられます。
①においがまったくわからなくなる嗅覚脱失(きゅうかくだっしつ)。
②においをかぐ力が弱くなる嗅覚減退(きゅうかくげんたい)。
③においにひどく敏感になる嗅覚過敏(きゅうかくかびん)。
④どんなにおいも悪臭として感じる嗅覚錯誤(きゅうかくさくご)。
⑤においがしないのに、においを感じる嗅覚幻覚(きゅうかくげんかく)。
●嗅覚のしくみ
 鼻中隔(びちゅうかく)と中鼻甲介(ちゅうびこうかい)の間の嗅裂(きゅうれつ)という部分に、においを感じる嗅細胞(きゅうさいぼう)が存在する嗅粘膜(きゅうねんまく)があり、嗅神経を介して脳とつながっています。
 においのもとは嗅素という化学物質です。空気中の嗅素が鼻腔(びくう)に入り、嗅細胞に到達すると、その刺激が脳に伝えられて、においとして感じられます。これらの嗅覚のしくみのどこかに異常がおこると嗅覚障害になります。
●嗅覚障害の原因
 嗅覚障害はさまざまな原因でおこりますが、慢性の鼻の病気が多数を占めています。
 嗅覚障害の原因には、鼻(び)・副鼻腔炎(ふくびくうえん)、鼻(はな)アレルギー、鼻中隔弯曲症(びちゅうかくわんきょくしょう)、鼻・副鼻腔の腫瘍(しゅよう)、ウイルス感染(かぜ)、有毒ガス吸入によるもの、放射線療法後のものがあります。また、頭部外傷後遺症、頭蓋内(ずがいない)腫瘍、頭蓋内手術後や、抗がん剤(テガフール)などの薬剤性嗅覚障害もあります。
 このほか、先天性の嗅覚障害や、加齢による嗅覚減退や嗅覚脱失、また妊娠時にみられる嗅覚過敏、さらに神経症・ヒステリー、統合失調症(とうごうしっちょうしょう)、薬物中毒で嗅覚過敏や嗅覚幻覚などの症状がおこることがあります。
●治療
 治療で治りやすいのは、鼻・副鼻腔炎、鼻茸(はなたけ)、鼻中隔弯曲症、鼻アレルギーなどの鼻の病気による嗅覚障害です。ウイルス感染、薬剤性、頭部外傷後、頭蓋内手術後などによるものは治りにくい嗅覚障害です。
 嗅覚障害の治療法には、薬物療法と手術療法があります。薬物療法の中心は、副腎皮質(ふくじんひしつ)ホルモンの点鼻薬(てんびやく)を用いた点鼻療法です。
 副腎皮質ホルモン点鼻療法は、長期的に行なうと体重増加、顔が腫(は)れる(満月様顔貌(まんげつようがんぼう))、にきびのような発疹(ほっしん)が出るなどの副作用がおこることがあります。医師の指示にしたがって点鼻薬の使用量を守り、1日2回の点鼻を3か月間ほど行ないますが、この期間内では、通常、副作用はとくに問題ありません。
 このほかの薬物療法としては、ビタミンA剤やビタミンB12剤、原因となっている鼻・副鼻腔の炎症やアレルギーに対する薬の内服治療があります。
 鼻・副鼻腔炎、鼻茸、鼻中隔弯曲症、鼻アレルギーといった鼻の病気があり、薬物療法で嗅覚障害が改善しない場合は、手術療法を行なうこともあります。
 手術方法は、鼻中隔の手術、鼻甲介の手術、副鼻腔の手術に分けられます。手術療法で鼻腔内の形態異常を矯正(きょうせい)し、また嗅裂や副鼻腔の病気を取り除くことによって、鼻腔内の空気の通りや、嗅粘膜およびその周辺の炎症を改善します。嗅裂部および副鼻腔の手術には、細い鼻用内視鏡を使用した内視鏡下鼻内手術(ないしきょうかびないしゅじゅつ)を行なうと、より繊細な手術操作が正確にできるので有用です。
 症例によっては、これらの手術後に前述した副腎皮質ホルモン点鼻療法を行ないます。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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