Guardianship - Guardianship

Japanese: 後見 - こうけん

〘noun〙[一] (a phonetic reading of " guardian" ) To look after or supervise from behind. ① When the head of a province or district or the head of a family is young, acting as their representative or assistant. Also, the person in question. ※Chuu-u-ki - March 5, 1134, Chosho 3 "Tomotaka is the guardian of the main family himself." ※Seibu Hyoban-ki (1890) <Toshimitsu Tsurumatsu> 10 "He supervises and guards by relying on his influence." ② The political position of the regent over the shogun in the Kamakura shogunate. ※Azuma Kagami - June 28, 1224, Jo-o 3 "He is the guardian of _{the two} military camps in Sagami and Bushu." ※Umematsuron (around 1349) ₁ "They all act as guardians of the shogun family, carrying out government affairs and governing the country." ③ Refers to the Kanto Kanrei established by the Muromachi shogunate to govern the Kanto region. ※Kamakura Daisoshi (mid-16th century): "He was the guardian of Kamakura and the ancestor of Yama no Naidon." ④ A monk who looks after young children at a temple. ※Otogi-zoshi Hanamitsu (collected in Yuhodo Bunko) (late Muromachi period): "I was asked to leave him in the care of the head priest for a while, so I asked him to look after me." ⑤ In the Sengoku period, when the head of a samurai family inherited the family headship at a young age, this person would take the place of the head of the family, command the family, govern the territory, and perform military service. Representative. Battle representative. ※Kanhachishu Kosenroku (1726), 17: "His son Kunichiyomaru Tadamasa turned ten this year, so he became the guardian of Yasutaka's son-in-law, Sakakibara Shikibu no Daifu Yasumasa, and this time, all of his subordinates were under Yasumasa's command and marched into battle." ⑥ A role to supervise and assist in duties. Also, the person who performed this role. ※Karasu no Sho Hikitsuke - July 29, 1512 (History of Hyogo Prefecture) "The people here have also been ordered to accompany the ward and _guardianship of the Chujo, and to return _home " ⑦ In the late Edo period, under the Tokugawa Shogunate, a temporary position placed above the Tairo and Roju who handled government affairs in place of the Shogun when he was a minor. When Iemochi became Shogun, Tanayasu Yoshiyori was the first to hold the position according to the former Shogun's will. ※Kinryo Ko - Zenshu, Volume 2, Volume 14, August 1858 (Ansei 5), "Notice to all parties regarding the guardianship of Tanayasu Chunagon in government affairs" ⑧ In the Civil Code, the duty of protecting adult wards or minors without parental authority, and acting on their behalf in managing their property and legal acts. Also, the system. ※Civil Code (1896), Article 938: "The guardianship calculation shall be made in the presence of the guardianship supervisor." ⑨ (Derived from the fact that guardians often have actual power) Refers to authority or prestige. ※Joruri, Shinju Mannen-sou (1710), "He did not ask about his parents' condition, but said, "Whatever happens , happens." ⑩ A role that takes care of various matters during events. ※Bonshuhon Shasekishu (1283), Vol. 6: "The guardian priest listened to the proceedings in his throne room, but could not bear to hear." ⑪ A role that stands by in the guardian's seat during performances in Noh, Kyogen, Kabuki, dance, etc., and adjusts the performers' costumes and handles the props and other small items. May also act as a substitute in the event of an accident to the performer. ※Essays: Dokusetsu (around 1724), Vol. 1: "I went to see my master's guardian and listened carefully to his touch." [2] To see later. To see after some time has passed. ① To meet later. To meet again. ※Kaidoki (around 1223), from Kayazu, Yahagi: "My life is fleeting, so it is difficult to expect guardianship." ② When a book or something is seen by someone else at a later date. Also, that person. ※Koyasan Documents - October 13, 1303 (first year of the Kagen era), Ajari Akishun's donation letter to the Mikage-do temple: " _These _are his handwriting, _{these are} _his words, and _although he was a guardian he felt _some hesitation. _{_{He wrote}} _this in his own handwriting during his illness." ※Azuma Mondo (around 1467) "What a short-sighted and regretful act, and the mockery of his guardian." [Additional notes] Regarding (1) ⑨, there are examples where it is written as "Takami" or _"Kougen " , or the vague "Kougen", as in "Joruri - Saga Emperor's Sweet Rain - 1", "It would be good if he could seize the kuhaugen of his father", "Ukiyo Zoushi - The Elegant Tea Spirit - 1", and "Do not let the lord's kouken stop him."

Guardianship

〘 noun 〙 (from the meaning of standing behind and watching over someone) To take care of someone. To support someone from behind. Also, that person. Oshiromi. ① Regent, chancellor, shogun, and other political power holders looking after the emperor, regents looking after the shogun, vassals looking after their lords, wives looking after their husbands. It also refers to cases where a higher-ranking person looks after a lower-ranking person, such as a parent looking after a child or a husband looking after his wife. ※Ochikubo (late 10th century) 2 "This Third Rank Middle Captain, <omitted> has a heart that should look after people's backs." ※Konjaku (around 1120?) 22 " Today, as regent and chancellor, <omitted> he governs as the guardian of the emperor." ② To help and support a child or someone who is incapable of doing something. Also, that person. It is used in particular when a person in a responsible position, such as the head of a household, is unable to fulfill their responsibilities and those involved assist them. Kouken. ※Utsubo (c. 970-999) Toshikage: “If you count his years, he must be about twelve. <omitted> He came out to mingle with me. I will look after him.” [Essay history] (1) It refers to a person who acts as a material and spiritual assistant or guardian in both public and private life, but there are no examples of this word in ancient times, and it seems to have become established after the mid-Heian period. The range of people who can be called “Ushiromi” is wide, including parents, husbands, relatives, and wet nurses (mostly family members).
(2) Since “ kouken ” cannot be recognized as a Chinese word, it is thought to be the phonetic reading of the kanji “ushiromi.”

Ushiro-mu [guardianship]

[1] 〘Self-Ma-Jo-Ni〙 (the verb "ushiromi (guardian)" (upper first row) turned into the upper second row) = ushiromi (guardian) ※Sagomo Monogatari (Shoo version) (around 1069-77) 3 "Rather than having no one to look behind me in the raw palace belly" [2] 〘Self-Ma-Yon〙 (the noun "ushiromi (guardian)" turned into the upper fourth row) = ushiromi (guardian) ※Genji (around 1001-14) Tamakazura "There are many people who look behind me with utmost care" [Etymology] "Hito wo omoi ushiromu bekedoredo" (The Diary of Murasaki Shikibu - Newspapers) and other examples of the final form are unclear as to whether it is (1) or (2), and it is unclear whether the pre-conjunction and conjunctive form "ushiromi" is in the upper first, second, or fourth row. From the etymology and other factors, it is thought that the original form was the upper first row. →Kaima miru

Guardianship

〘Self-translation〙 To look after. To assist. To look after. To look after. ※Makura (10th century end) 28 "He says things like he's trying to teach me things with a knowing look on his face, and it's really annoying to look behind him."

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙[一] (「後見(うしろみ)」を音読した語) 背後から世話、監督すること。① 一国一郡の長や家長などが年少であるとき、その代理となったり、補佐したりすること。また、その人。※中右記‐長承三年（1134）三月五日「朝隆自本家御後見之人也」※政党評判記（1890）〈利光鶴松〉一〇「以て其勢力に依りて監督し、後見するの外あることなし」② 鎌倉幕府の将軍に対する執権の政治的位置。※吾妻鏡‐貞応三年（1224）六月二八日「相州、武州為_二軍営御後見_一」※梅松論（1349頃）上「皆以将軍家御後見として、政務を申行、天下を治る」③ 室町幕府が関東地方を治めるためにおいた関東管領をさしていう。※鎌倉大草紙（１６Ｃ中か）「鎌倉の御後見にて山の内殿の先祖是也」④ 寺院で、幼少の者を世話する僧。※御伽草子・花みつ（有朋堂文庫所収）（室町末）「暫くの間別当に御預け候へ、こうけん申たく候ふと仰せければ」⑤ 戦国時代の武家で一家の主が幼少で家督をついだとき、その家長にかわり、一族を指揮し、領地を治め、また軍役を務めるなどしたもの。名代。陣代。※関八州古戦録（1726）一七「其子国千代丸忠政今年十歳なりし故康高の聟榊原式部大輔康政後見して此度の一挙にも彼被官合属等康政の指揮に従て出陣せり」⑥ 職務を監督、補佐する役。また、その役の人。※鵤荘引付‐永正九年（1512）七月二九日（兵庫県史）「此方の衆も沙汰人并後見中間衆已下令_二同道_一打帰り」⑦ 江戸後期、徳川幕府で将軍が幼少のとき、これに代わって政務をとる大老や老中の上におかれた臨時の職。家茂が将軍になったとき、前将軍の遺言によって田安慶頼がその職についたのが最初。※禁令考‐前集・第二・巻一四・安政五年（1858）八月「田安中納言政事後見の旨諸向へ達」⑧ 民法で、成年被後見人または親権者のいない未成年者を保護し、その財産管理や法律行為を代理する職務。また、その制度。※民法（明治二九年）（1896）九三八条「後見の計算は後見監督人の立会を以て之を為す」⑨ (後見をする人は実際に権力を持っていることが多いところから転じて) 権威・威光をいう。※浄瑠璃・心中万年草（1710）中「親のこうけん是非(ぜひ)なうて、どうなり共と言ひました」⑩ 催事などの際、諸般に気を配って世話をする役。※梵舜本沙石集（1283）六「後見の入道の梴にて聴聞しけるが聞かねて」⑪ 能、狂言、歌舞伎、舞踊などで演技の際、後見座に控えて、演技者の装束を直したり、作り物や小道具を扱う役。演技者に事故が生じた場合はその代役を務めることもある。※随筆・独寝（1724頃）上「師匠の後見にゆきて気を付て打をきけば」[二] 後に見ること。時間を経過してから見ること。① 後に出会うこと。再会すること。※海道記（1223頃）萱津より矢矧「我は一時の命なれば後見を期し難し」② 書物などを後日に他人が見ること。また、その人。※高野山文書‐嘉元元年（1303）一〇月一三日・阿闍梨明俊御影堂田寄進状「云_二手跡_一、云_二文言_一、後見雖_レ有_二其憚_一、病中自筆奉_レ書_レ之」※吾妻問答（1467頃）「まことに短慮未練の至、後見の嘲り」[補注](一)の⑨について、「浄瑠璃・嵯峨天皇甘露雨‐一」「それこそ親の荒権(ク_ハウゲン)、取かやしたがよいはいの」や「浮世草子・風流茶人気質‐一」「家主の高見(カウケン)にてのっぴきさせぬ様に」のように「高見」「荒権」などの表記や「こうげん」と濁った例もある。

うしろ‐み【後見】

〘名〙 (人の後ろにいて、その人を見守るの意から) 世話をすること。後ろだてとなって力添えをすること。また、その人。おしろみ。① 摂政、関白、将軍、その他政治の実権者が天皇を、執権が将軍を、臣下が主君を、妻が夫を世話すること。また、親が子を、夫が妻をなど、上位の者が下位の者の面倒を見る場合についてもいう。※落窪（１０Ｃ後）二「此の三位中将、〈略〉人のうしろみしつべき心あり」※今昔（1120頃か）二二「于今(いまに)摂政関白として〈略〉天皇の御後見として政(まつりごち)給ふ」② 幼少の者、または能力のない者を助け、力添えすること。また、その人。特に、一家の主人など責任のある立場の者がその責任を果たせない場合に、関係者が補佐することについていう。こうけん。※宇津保（970‐999頃）俊蔭「年を数ふるに十二ばかりにこそなるらめ。〈略〉ゐていでてまじらひなどをこそせさせめ。そのうしろみもたれかせん」[語誌](1)公私にわたる物質的精神的補佐役・後見役の人をいうが、上代の用例は認められず、平安中期以降に定着した語らしい。「うしろみ」と称される人物の範囲は広く、親・夫・親戚・乳母などに及んでいる（多くは家族関係）。
(2)「後見(こうけん)」は漢語として認定できないので「うしろみ」の漢字音読と考えられる。

うしろ・む【後見】

[1] 〘自マ上二〙 (上一段動詞「うしろみる（後見）」の上二段化) ＝うしろみる（後見）※承応版狭衣物語（1069‐77頃か）三「なま宮腹にてうしろむる人なからむよりは」[2] 〘自マ四〙 (名詞「うしろみ（後見）」をマ行四段に活用させたもの) ＝うしろみる（後見）※源氏（1001‐14頃）玉鬘「つきづきしくうしろむ人などもこと多からで」[語誌]「人を思ひうしろむべけれど」（紫式部日記‐消息文）など、終止形の例は(一)(二)の別がはっきりせず、未然、連用形の「うしろみ」は上一、上二、四段のいずれかわからない。語源などから、上一段が本来の形だったと思われる。→かいまみる