Exchange relationship

Japanese: 交換関係 - こうかんかんけい
Exchange relationship

For two linear operators A and B , the operator AB - BA is called the commutator of A and B , and is written as [ A , B ]. When this is equal to the operator C (which can be a simple number), [ A , B ] = C
is called the commutator or the commutator between A and B. In quantum mechanics, the coordinate q and the momentum p and other physical quantities are generally linear operators whose product (multiplication) results differ depending on the order of the operations. In particular, between q and p , [ q , p ] = i ħ
(ħ= h /2π; h is Planck's constant)
The following relationship holds. q and p are a special pair of variables whose commutation relationship does not change even when qp and p-q are swapped. In this case, q and p are canonically conjugate variables, and the commutation relationship in this case is called a canonical commutation relationship. The commutation relationships between other physical quantities that are functions of q and p are determined from this canonical commutation relationship. In addition, AB + BA can be written as { A , B } or [ A , B ] + , and is called an anticommutation relationship, which is often used.

From the canonical commutation relation, the uncertainty relation between position and momentum is derived. If the right-hand side of the commutation relation is 0, i.e., [ A , B ] = 0, then A and B are said to commute with each other. Canonical variables belonging to different mechanical degrees of freedom commute with each other. Commuting physical quantities can be measured accurately at the same time, so no uncertainty relation arises. In addition, the commutation relation between any functions of q and p is formally similar to the relation between canonically conjugate mechanical variables in classical mechanics (Poisson brackets), and is connected to the classical limit of quantum mechanical description. There are also specific commutation relations between mechanical variables representing the spin and angular momentum of particles. These different spatial components (such as the x and y components) are generally not commutative. Furthermore, the operator representing the total angular momentum has the effect of inducing a rotation of the entire mechanical system in space. The canonical commutation relation is extended to quantum field theory to become the commutation relation of field operators. Furthermore, commutation relations of Lie algebras, either isomorphic to the case of angular momentum or more generalized, are widely used to describe various symmetries that describe the interrelationships between different elementary particles.

[Jiro Maki]

"Quantum Physics by Saito Riichirou (1995, Baifukan Publishing)"

[Reference item] | Momentum | Operator

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

二つの線形演算子(線形作用素)ABについてABBAなる演算子をABとの交換子とよび、[A, B]と書く。これが演算子C(単なる数でもよい)に等しいとき
  [A, B]=C
ABの交換関係、あるいは交換子とよぶ。量子力学における座標qと運動量pやその他の物理量は、一般には積(掛け算)の結果がその演算の順序によって異なるような線形演算子である。とくに、qpとの間には
  [q, p]=iħ
  (ħ=h/2π; hはプランク定数)
の関係が成り立つ。qpは、qp, p→-qの入れ替えに対しても交換関係の変わらない特別の変数の組である。このときqpを正準共役(せいじゅんきょうやく)な変数、この場合の交換関係を正準交換関係という。qpの関数である他の物理量の間の交換関係は、この正準交換関係から定まる。またABBAを{A, B}または[A, B+と書いて反交換関係とよび、しばしば用いられる。

 正準交換関係から、位置と運動量との間の不確定性関係が導き出される。交換関係の右辺が0、すなわち[A, B]=0ならば、ABとは互いに可換であるという。異なる力学的自由度に属する正準変数どうしは互いに可換である。可換な物理量は同時に正確に測定値を知ることができるので、不確定性関係を生じない。また、qpとの任意の関数どうしの交換関係は、古典力学における正準共役な力学変数の関係式(ポアソン括孤(かっこ))と形式的に似た形をしており、量子力学的記述の古典論的極限と結び付いている。粒子のスピンや角運動量を表す力学変数の間にも特定の交換関係が成り立つ。これらの異なる空間成分(x成分とy成分など)は一般に可換ではない。また全角運動量を表す演算子は、空間において力学系全体の回転を誘起する働きをもっている。正準交換関係は、場の量子論に拡張されて場の演算子の交換関係となる。また、角運動量の場合と同形の、またはより一般化されたリー代数の交換関係は、異なる素粒子間の相互関連を表すさまざまの対称性を記述するために広く用いられている。

[牧 二郎]

『斎藤理一郎著『量子物理学』(1995・培風館)』

[参照項目] | 運動量 | 演算子

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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